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<h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Intervallarithmetik</span></h1>
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<div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content mw-content-ltr" lang="de" dir="ltr"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="de" dir="ltr"><p><b>Intervallarithmetik</b> bezeichnet in der <a href="Mathematik" title="Mathematik">Mathematik</a> eine Methodik zur automatisierten <a href="Fehler" title="Fehler">Fehlerabschätzung</a> auf Basis abgeschlossener <a href="Intervall_(Mathematik)" title="Intervall (Mathematik)">Intervalle</a>.
Dabei werden nicht genau bekannte <a href="Reelle_Zahlen" class="mw-redirect" title="Reelle Zahlen">reelle</a> Größen <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle x}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>x</mi>
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<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle x}</annotation>
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</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/87f9e315fd7e2ba406057a97300593c4802b53e4.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.33ex; height:1.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle x}" loading="lazy"></span> betrachtet, die aber durch zwei Zahlen <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle a}">
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<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>a</mi>
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<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle a}</annotation>
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</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/ffd2487510aa438433a2579450ab2b3d557e5edc.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.23ex; height:1.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle a}" loading="lazy"></span> und <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle b}">
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<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>b</mi>
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<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle b}</annotation>
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</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/f11423fbb2e967f986e36804a8ae4271734917c3.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:0.998ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle b}" loading="lazy"></span> eingegrenzt werden können. Dabei kann <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle x}">
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<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>x</mi>
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<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle x}</annotation>
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</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/87f9e315fd7e2ba406057a97300593c4802b53e4.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.33ex; height:1.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle x}" loading="lazy"></span> zwischen <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle a}">
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<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>a</mi>
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<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle a}</annotation>
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</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/ffd2487510aa438433a2579450ab2b3d557e5edc.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.23ex; height:1.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle a}" loading="lazy"></span> und <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle b}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>b</mi>
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<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle b}</annotation>
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</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/f11423fbb2e967f986e36804a8ae4271734917c3.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:0.998ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle b}" loading="lazy"></span> liegen oder auch einen der beiden Werte annehmen. Dieser Bereich entspricht mathematisch gesehen dem Intervall <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle [a,b]}">
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<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mo stretchy="false">[</mo>
<mi>a</mi>
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<mo stretchy="false">]</mo>
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</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle [a,b]}</annotation>
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</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/9c4b788fc5c637e26ee98b45f89a5c08c85f7935.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:4.555ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle [a,b]}" loading="lazy"></span>. Eine <a href="Funktion_(Mathematik)" title="Funktion (Mathematik)">Funktion</a> <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle f}">
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<mi>f</mi>
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<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle f}</annotation>
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</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/132e57acb643253e7810ee9702d9581f159a1c61.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:1.279ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle f}" loading="lazy"></span>, die von einem solchen unsicheren <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle x}">
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<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>x</mi>
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<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle x}</annotation>
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</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/87f9e315fd7e2ba406057a97300593c4802b53e4.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.33ex; height:1.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle x}" loading="lazy"></span> abhängt, kann nicht genau ausgewertet werden. Es ist schließlich nicht bekannt, welcher Zahlenwert innerhalb von <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle [a,b]}">
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<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mo stretchy="false">[</mo>
<mi>a</mi>
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<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle [a,b]}</annotation>
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</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/9c4b788fc5c637e26ee98b45f89a5c08c85f7935.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:4.555ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle [a,b]}" loading="lazy"></span> für <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle x}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>x</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle x}</annotation>
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</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/87f9e315fd7e2ba406057a97300593c4802b53e4.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.33ex; height:1.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle x}" loading="lazy"></span> eigentlich eingesetzt werden müsste. Stattdessen wird ein möglichst kleines Intervall <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle [c,d]}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mo stretchy="false">[</mo>
<mi>c</mi>
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</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle [c,d]}</annotation>
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</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/d85b3b21d6d891d97f85e263d394e3c90287586f.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:4.55ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle [c,d]}" loading="lazy"></span> bestimmt, das gerade die möglichen <a href="Funktionswert" class="mw-redirect" title="Funktionswert">Funktionswerte</a> <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle f(x)}">
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<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>f</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
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<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle f(x)}</annotation>
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</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/202945cce41ecebb6f643f31d119c514bec7a074.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:4.418ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle f(x)}" loading="lazy"></span> für alle <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle x\in [a,b]}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>x</mi>
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<mi>a</mi>
<mo>,</mo>
<mi>b</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">]</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle x\in [a,b]}</annotation>
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</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/026357b404ee584c475579fb2302a4e9881b8cce.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:8.725ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle x\in [a,b]}" loading="lazy"></span> enthält. Durch gezielte Abschätzung der Endpunkte <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle c}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>c</mi>
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<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle c}</annotation>
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</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/86a67b81c2de995bd608d5b2df50cd8cd7d92455.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.007ex; height:1.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle c}" loading="lazy"></span> und <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle d}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>d</mi>
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<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle d}</annotation>
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</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/e85ff03cbe0c7341af6b982e47e9f90d235c66ab.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.216ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle d}" loading="lazy"></span> erhält man eine neue Funktion, die wiederum Intervalle auf Intervalle abbildet.
</p><p>Dieses Konzept eignet sich unter anderem zur Behandlung von <a href="Rundungsfehler" title="Rundungsfehler">Rundungsfehlern</a> direkt während der Berechnung und falls Unsicherheiten in der Kenntnis der exakten Werte <a href="Physik" title="Physik">physikalischer</a> und <a href="Technik" title="Technik">technischer</a> <a href="Parameter_(Mathematik)" title="Parameter (Mathematik)">Parameter</a> vorliegen. Letztere ergeben sich oft aus <a href="Messfehler" class="mw-redirect" title="Messfehler">Messfehlern</a> und <a href="Bauteil_(Technik)" title="Bauteil (Technik)">Bauteil</a>-<a href="Toleranz_(Technik)" title="Toleranz (Technik)">Toleranzen</a>. Außerdem kann Intervallarithmetik dabei helfen, <a href="Reliabilit%C3%A4t" title="Reliabilität">verlässliche</a> Lösungen von <a href="Gleichung" title="Gleichung">Gleichungen</a> und <a href="Optimierung_(Mathematik)" class="mw-redirect" title="Optimierung (Mathematik)">Optimierungsproblemen</a> zu erhalten.
</p>

<p>Als Beispiel soll hier die Berechnung des <a href="K%C3%B6rpermasseindex" class="mw-redirect" title="Körpermasseindex">Körpermasseindex</a> (BMI von engl. <i>Body Mass Index</i>) betrachtet werden. Der BMI ist die Körpermasse in Kilogramm geteilt durch das Quadrat der Körpergröße in Metern. Zur Illustration soll die Gewichtsbestimmung (eigentlich Massebestimmung) mit Hilfe einer Badezimmerwaage erfolgen, bei der das Gewicht auf ein Kilogramm genau abgelesen werden kann. Es werden also niemals Zwischenwerte bestimmt – etwa 79,6&nbsp;kg oder 80,3&nbsp;kg –, sondern auf ganze Zahlen gerundete Angaben. Dabei ist es natürlich sehr unwahrscheinlich, dass man wirklich exakt 80,0&nbsp;kg wiegt, wenn dies angezeigt wird. Bei üblicher <a href="Rundung" title="Rundung">Rundung</a> auf den nächstliegenden Gewichtswert liefert die Waage 80&nbsp;kg für jedes Gewicht zwischen 79,5&nbsp;kg und 80,5&nbsp;kg. Den entsprechenden Bereich aller reellen Zahlen, die größer oder gleich 79,5 und gleichzeitig kleiner oder gleich 80,5 sind, kann einfach als Intervall <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle [79{,}5;80{,}5]}">
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<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mo stretchy="false">[</mo>
<mn>79</mn>
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<mo>,</mo>
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<mn>5</mn>
<mo>;</mo>
<mn>80</mn>
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<mo>,</mo>
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<mn>5</mn>
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<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle [79{,}5;80{,}5]}</annotation>
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</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/23345e4ffe9942dd67f7c671bbefa4348abafb09.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:10.596ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle [79{,}5;80{,}5]}" loading="lazy"></span> aufgeschrieben werden. Um Verwechslungen zu vermeiden, setzt man meistens einen Punkt statt eines Kommas als <a href="Dezimaltrennzeichen" title="Dezimaltrennzeichen">Dezimaltrennzeichen</a>.
</p><p>Für einen Menschen, der 80&nbsp;kg wiegt und 1,80&nbsp;m groß ist, liegt der <i>BMI</i> bei ungefähr 24,7. Bei einem Gewicht von 79,5&nbsp;kg und gleicher Körpergröße müsste aber nur ein Wert von 24,5 angenommen werden, wohingegen 80,5&nbsp;kg schon fast 24,9 entsprechen. Der tatsächliche <i>BMI</i> liegt also in dem Bereich <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle [24{,}5;24{,}9]}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mo stretchy="false">[</mo>
<mn>24</mn>
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<mn>5</mn>
<mo>;</mo>
<mn>24</mn>
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<mo>,</mo>
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<mn>9</mn>
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<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle [24{,}5;24{,}9]}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/00b21fbbdf5e3a4b2065eaf0aab3225fe855949f.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:10.596ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle [24{,}5;24{,}9]}" loading="lazy"></span>. In diesem Fall kann der Fehler in der Praxis zwar noch vernachlässigt werden, jedoch ist das nicht bei allen Rechnungen der Fall. Beispielsweise schwankt das Gewicht auch im Laufe eines Tages, so dass der <i>BMI</i> hier durchaus zwischen 24 (noch normalgewichtig) und 25 (schon übergewichtig) variieren kann. Ohne detaillierte Rechnung können aber nicht immer von vornherein Aussagen darüber getroffen werden, ob ein Fehler letztendlich groß genug ist, um maßgeblichen Einfluss zu haben.
</p><p>In der Intervallarithmetik wird der Bereich möglicher Ergebnisse ausdrücklich berechnet. Vereinfacht gesagt, rechnet man nicht mehr mit Zahlen, sondern mit Intervallen, die nicht genau bekannte Werte repräsentieren. Ähnlich wie ein <a href="Fehlerbalken" title="Fehlerbalken">Fehlerbalken</a> um einen <a href="Messwert" title="Messwert">Messwert</a> drückt ein Intervall das Ausmaß der Unsicherheit bezüglich der zu berechnenden Größe aus.
Hierfür werden einfache Rechenoperationen, wie die <a href="Grundrechenarten" class="mw-redirect" title="Grundrechenarten">Grundrechenarten</a> oder <a href="Trigonometrische_Funktionen" class="mw-redirect" title="Trigonometrische Funktionen">trigonometrische Funktionen</a>, für das Rechnen mit Intervallen neu definiert, um äußere Grenzen eines gesuchten <a href="Zielmenge" title="Zielmenge">Wertebereiches</a> zu erhalten.
</p>


<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Einführung"><span id="Einf.C3.BChrung"></span>Einführung</h2></div>
<p>Das Hauptaugenmerk bei der Intervallarithmetik liegt darauf, auf möglichst einfache Art und Weise obere und untere <a href="Schranke_(Mathematik)" class="mw-redirect" title="Schranke (Mathematik)">Schranken</a> für den <a href="Zielmenge" title="Zielmenge">Wertebereich</a> einer Funktion in einer oder mehreren <a href="Variable_(Logik)" title="Variable (Logik)">Variablen</a> zu bestimmen. Dabei müssen diese Schranken nicht unbedingt dem <a href="Supremum" class="mw-redirect" title="Supremum">Supremum</a> bzw. <a href="Infimum" class="mw-redirect" title="Infimum">Infimum</a> entsprechen, da die genaue Berechnung dieser Werte oft zu schwierig ist. (Es lässt sich zeigen, dass diese Aufgabenstellung im Allgemeinen <a href="NP-Schwere" title="NP-Schwere">NP-schwer</a> ist.)
</p><p>Üblicherweise beschränkt man sich auf die Behandlung <a href="Abgeschlossene_Menge" title="Abgeschlossene Menge">abgeschlossener</a>, <a href="Reelle_Zahlen" class="mw-redirect" title="Reelle Zahlen">reeller</a> Intervalle, also Mengen der Form
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle [a,b]=\{x\in \mathbb {R} \,|\,a\leq x\leq b\}}">
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<p>wobei auch <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle a={-\infty }}">
<semantics>
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<mi>a</mi>
<mo>=</mo>
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<mi mathvariant="normal">∞<!-- ∞ --></mi>
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<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle a={-\infty }}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/26fa49f17ce99c4371f35a89a278548404d6e991.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.505ex; width:8.46ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle a={-\infty }}" loading="lazy"></span> und <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle b={\infty }}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>b</mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">∞<!-- ∞ --></mi>
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<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle b={\infty }}</annotation>
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</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/132f0722c34bb2545b0a0bfc6132f611f05b61f9.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:6.42ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle b={\infty }}" loading="lazy"></span> zulässig sind. Dabei entsprechen <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle [{-\infty },b]}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mo stretchy="false">[</mo>
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<mo>,</mo>
<mi>b</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">]</mo>
</mstyle>
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<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle [{-\infty },b]}</annotation>
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</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/0c3bffdaa429462c7942b61153ff6079a8c710be.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:7.457ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle [{-\infty },b]}" loading="lazy"></span> und <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle [a,{\infty }]}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mo stretchy="false">[</mo>
<mi>a</mi>
<mo>,</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">∞<!-- ∞ --></mi>
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<mo stretchy="false">]</mo>
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<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle [a,{\infty }]}</annotation>
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</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/3abd3c6363cd3fb2a1fa0578a4942cd41bb9a93a.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:5.881ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle [a,{\infty }]}" loading="lazy"></span> den meist halboffen geschriebenen Intervallen, die alle reellen Zahlen kleiner oder gleich <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle b}">
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<mi>b</mi>
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</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/f11423fbb2e967f986e36804a8ae4271734917c3.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:0.998ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle b}" loading="lazy"></span> bzw. größer oder gleich <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle a}">
<semantics>
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<mi>a</mi>
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</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/ffd2487510aa438433a2579450ab2b3d557e5edc.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.23ex; height:1.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle a}" loading="lazy"></span> umfassen. Entsprechend bezeichnet das Intervall <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle [{-\infty },{\infty }]}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mo stretchy="false">[</mo>
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<mo>,</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">∞<!-- ∞ --></mi>
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<mo stretchy="false">]</mo>
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<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle [{-\infty },{\infty }]}</annotation>
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</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/9158782085266e5fcbd484b5983d311b9b187c21.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:8.783ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle [{-\infty },{\infty }]}" loading="lazy"></span> die gesamte reelle Achse.
</p><p>Wie beim klassischen Rechnen mit <a href="Zahl" title="Zahl">Zahlen</a> muss zunächst einmal definiert werden, wie die <a href="Arithmetik" title="Arithmetik">arithmetischen</a> <a href="Operation_(Mathematik)" class="mw-redirect" title="Operation (Mathematik)">Operationen</a> und elementaren Funktionen auf Intervalle anzuwenden sind. Komplexere Funktionen können dann aus diesen Grundelementen zusammengesetzt werden (<a href="#Literatur">Lit.</a>: Kulisch, 1989).
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Grundrechenarten">Grundrechenarten</h3></div>

<p>Zu Erläuterung wird nochmal auf das Beispiel vom Anfang zurückgegriffen. Bei der Bestimmung des Körpermasseindex spielt neben dem Gewicht auch die Körpergröße eine Rolle. Diese wird üblicherweise nur in ganzen Zentimetern gemessen werden: eine Angabe der Körpergröße von 1,80 Meter bedeutet also eigentlich eine Körpergröße irgendwo zwischen 1,795&nbsp;m und 1,805&nbsp;m. Diese Ungenauigkeit muss zusätzlich zu der Schwankungsbreite beim Gewicht, das zwischen 79,5&nbsp;kg und 80,5&nbsp;kg liegt, eingerechnet werden. Für den <i>BMI</i> muss nun wie gesagt die Körpermasse in Kilogramm durch das Quadrat der Körpergröße in Metern geteilt werden. Sowohl für 79,5&nbsp;kg und 1,795&nbsp;m als auch für 80,5&nbsp;kg und 1,805&nbsp;m ergibt sich dafür ungefähr 24,7. Es muss nun aber auch berücksichtigt werden, dass die fragliche Person möglicherweise nur 1,795&nbsp;m groß ist bei einem Gewicht von 80,5&nbsp;kg – oder auch 1,805&nbsp;m bei 79,5&nbsp;kg. Auch die Kombinationen aller möglichen Zwischenwerte müssen in die Betrachtung eingehen.
Mit Hilfe der im Folgenden festgelegten Intervallarithmetik kann der intervallwertige <i>BMI</i>
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle [79{,}5;80{,}5]/([1{,}795;1{,}805])^{2}=[24{,}4;25{,}0]\,}">
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<p>tatsächlich ausgerechnet werden.
</p><p>Eine Operation <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\langle \!\mathrm {op} \!\rangle }}">
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</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/49a771859942859f850893a28ee0727e694953ab.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:3.49ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\langle \!\mathrm {op} \!\rangle }}" loading="lazy"></span> zwischen zwei Intervallen, wobei <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\langle \!\mathrm {op} \!\rangle }}">
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<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
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<mspace width="negativethinmathspace"></mspace>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">o</mi>
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<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\langle \!\mathrm {op} \!\rangle }}</annotation>
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</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/49a771859942859f850893a28ee0727e694953ab.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:3.49ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\langle \!\mathrm {op} \!\rangle }}" loading="lazy"></span> beispielsweise für Addition oder Multiplikation steht, muss die Bedingung
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle [x_{1},x_{2}]{\,\langle \!\mathrm {op} \!\rangle \,}[y_{1},y_{2}]=\{x{\,\langle \!\mathrm {op} \!\rangle \,}y\,|\,x\in [x_{1},x_{2}]\,{\text{und}}\,y\in [y_{1},y_{2}]\}}">
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<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle [x_{1},x_{2}]{\,\langle \!\mathrm {op} \!\rangle \,}[y_{1},y_{2}]=\{x{\,\langle \!\mathrm {op} \!\rangle \,}y\,|\,x\in [x_{1},x_{2}]\,{\text{und}}\,y\in [y_{1},y_{2}]\}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/39ce5776d30dcb0aa36a9eb31b0922054ba0d93d.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:58.296ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle [x_{1},x_{2}]{\,\langle \!\mathrm {op} \!\rangle \,}[y_{1},y_{2}]=\{x{\,\langle \!\mathrm {op} \!\rangle \,}y\,|\,x\in [x_{1},x_{2}]\,{\text{und}}\,y\in [y_{1},y_{2}]\}}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>erfüllen. Für die vier <a href="Grundrechenarten" class="mw-redirect" title="Grundrechenarten">Grundrechenarten</a> ergibt sich daraus
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\begin{matrix}[x_{1},x_{2}]{\,\langle \!\mathrm {op} \!\rangle \,}[y_{1},y_{2}]&amp;=&amp;{\left[\min(x_{1}{\langle \!\mathrm {op} \!\rangle }y_{1},x_{1}{\langle \!\mathrm {op} \!\rangle }y_{2},x_{2}{\langle \!\mathrm {op} \!\rangle }y_{1},x_{2}{\langle \!\mathrm {op} \!\rangle }y_{2}),\right.}\\&amp;&amp;{\left.\;\max(x_{1}{\langle \!\mathrm {op} \!\rangle }y_{1},x_{1}{\langle \!\mathrm {op} \!\rangle }y_{2},x_{2}{\langle \!\mathrm {op} \!\rangle }y_{1},x_{2}{\langle \!\mathrm {op} \!\rangle }y_{2})\right]}\,\mathrm {,} \end{matrix}}}">
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<msub>
<mi>x</mi>
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<mn>1</mn>
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<mo>,</mo>
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<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
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</msub>
<mo stretchy="false">]</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace>
<mo fence="false" stretchy="false">⟨<!-- ⟨ --></mo>
<mspace width="negativethinmathspace"></mspace>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">o</mi>
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<mo fence="false" stretchy="false">⟩<!-- ⟩ --></mo>
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<msub>
<mi>y</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>1</mn>
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</msub>
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<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
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<mtd>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
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<mo>[</mo>
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<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>1</mn>
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<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo fence="false" stretchy="false">⟨<!-- ⟨ --></mo>
<mspace width="negativethinmathspace"></mspace>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">o</mi>
<mi mathvariant="normal">p</mi>
</mrow>
<mspace width="negativethinmathspace"></mspace>
<mo fence="false" stretchy="false">⟩<!-- ⟩ --></mo>
</mrow>
<msub>
<mi>y</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>,</mo>
<msub>
<mi>x</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo fence="false" stretchy="false">⟨<!-- ⟨ --></mo>
<mspace width="negativethinmathspace"></mspace>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">o</mi>
<mi mathvariant="normal">p</mi>
</mrow>
<mspace width="negativethinmathspace"></mspace>
<mo fence="false" stretchy="false">⟩<!-- ⟩ --></mo>
</mrow>
<msub>
<mi>y</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>,</mo>
<msub>
<mi>x</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
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<mspace width="negativethinmathspace"></mspace>
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<mi mathvariant="normal">o</mi>
<mi mathvariant="normal">p</mi>
</mrow>
<mspace width="negativethinmathspace"></mspace>
<mo fence="false" stretchy="false">⟩<!-- ⟩ --></mo>
</mrow>
<msub>
<mi>y</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>,</mo>
<msub>
<mi>x</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo fence="false" stretchy="false">⟨<!-- ⟨ --></mo>
<mspace width="negativethinmathspace"></mspace>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">o</mi>
<mi mathvariant="normal">p</mi>
</mrow>
<mspace width="negativethinmathspace"></mspace>
<mo fence="false" stretchy="false">⟩<!-- ⟩ --></mo>
</mrow>
<msub>
<mi>y</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>,</mo>
</mrow>
<mo fence="true" stretchy="true" symmetric="true"></mo>
</mrow>
</mrow>
</mtd>
</mtr>
<mtr>
<mtd></mtd>
<mtd></mtd>
<mtd>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow>
<mo fence="true" stretchy="true" symmetric="true"></mo>
<mrow>
<mspace width="thickmathspace"></mspace>
<mo movablelimits="true" form="prefix">max</mo>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<msub>
<mi>x</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo fence="false" stretchy="false">⟨<!-- ⟨ --></mo>
<mspace width="negativethinmathspace"></mspace>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">o</mi>
<mi mathvariant="normal">p</mi>
</mrow>
<mspace width="negativethinmathspace"></mspace>
<mo fence="false" stretchy="false">⟩<!-- ⟩ --></mo>
</mrow>
<msub>
<mi>y</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>,</mo>
<msub>
<mi>x</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo fence="false" stretchy="false">⟨<!-- ⟨ --></mo>
<mspace width="negativethinmathspace"></mspace>
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<mi mathvariant="normal">o</mi>
<mi mathvariant="normal">p</mi>
</mrow>
<mspace width="negativethinmathspace"></mspace>
<mo fence="false" stretchy="false">⟩<!-- ⟩ --></mo>
</mrow>
<msub>
<mi>y</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>,</mo>
<msub>
<mi>x</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo fence="false" stretchy="false">⟨<!-- ⟨ --></mo>
<mspace width="negativethinmathspace"></mspace>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">o</mi>
<mi mathvariant="normal">p</mi>
</mrow>
<mspace width="negativethinmathspace"></mspace>
<mo fence="false" stretchy="false">⟩<!-- ⟩ --></mo>
</mrow>
<msub>
<mi>y</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>,</mo>
<msub>
<mi>x</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo fence="false" stretchy="false">⟨<!-- ⟨ --></mo>
<mspace width="negativethinmathspace"></mspace>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">o</mi>
<mi mathvariant="normal">p</mi>
</mrow>
<mspace width="negativethinmathspace"></mspace>
<mo fence="false" stretchy="false">⟩<!-- ⟩ --></mo>
</mrow>
<msub>
<mi>y</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mrow>
<mo>]</mo>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>,</mo>
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</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\begin{matrix}[x_{1},x_{2}]{\,\langle \!\mathrm {op} \!\rangle \,}[y_{1},y_{2}]&amp;=&amp;{\left[\min(x_{1}{\langle \!\mathrm {op} \!\rangle }y_{1},x_{1}{\langle \!\mathrm {op} \!\rangle }y_{2},x_{2}{\langle \!\mathrm {op} \!\rangle }y_{1},x_{2}{\langle \!\mathrm {op} \!\rangle }y_{2}),\right.}\\&amp;&amp;{\left.\;\max(x_{1}{\langle \!\mathrm {op} \!\rangle }y_{1},x_{1}{\langle \!\mathrm {op} \!\rangle }y_{2},x_{2}{\langle \!\mathrm {op} \!\rangle }y_{1},x_{2}{\langle \!\mathrm {op} \!\rangle }y_{2})\right]}\,\mathrm {,} \end{matrix}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/a1946b6c1eacd6dac590470e5c3a82c03691ad37.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.505ex; width:69.112ex; height:6.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\begin{matrix}[x_{1},x_{2}]{\,\langle \!\mathrm {op} \!\rangle \,}[y_{1},y_{2}]&amp;=&amp;{\left[\min(x_{1}{\langle \!\mathrm {op} \!\rangle }y_{1},x_{1}{\langle \!\mathrm {op} \!\rangle }y_{2},x_{2}{\langle \!\mathrm {op} \!\rangle }y_{1},x_{2}{\langle \!\mathrm {op} \!\rangle }y_{2}),\right.}\\&amp;&amp;{\left.\;\max(x_{1}{\langle \!\mathrm {op} \!\rangle }y_{1},x_{1}{\langle \!\mathrm {op} \!\rangle }y_{2},x_{2}{\langle \!\mathrm {op} \!\rangle }y_{1},x_{2}{\langle \!\mathrm {op} \!\rangle }y_{2})\right]}\,\mathrm {,} \end{matrix}}}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>falls <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle x{\,\langle \!\mathrm {op} \!\rangle \,}y}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>x</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace>
<mo fence="false" stretchy="false">⟨<!-- ⟨ --></mo>
<mspace width="negativethinmathspace"></mspace>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">o</mi>
<mi mathvariant="normal">p</mi>
</mrow>
<mspace width="negativethinmathspace"></mspace>
<mo fence="false" stretchy="false">⟩<!-- ⟩ --></mo>
<mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace>
</mrow>
<mi>y</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle x{\,\langle \!\mathrm {op} \!\rangle \,}y}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/614f18b7b4c11fab8cb2ca51638ba3ac3edae245.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:6.749ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle x{\,\langle \!\mathrm {op} \!\rangle \,}y}" loading="lazy"></span> zulässig ist für alle
<span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle x\in [x_{1},x_{2}]}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>x</mi>
<mo>∈<!-- ∈ --></mo>
<mo stretchy="false">[</mo>
<msub>
<mi>x</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>,</mo>
<msub>
<mi>x</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo stretchy="false">]</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle x\in [x_{1},x_{2}]}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/28267d22f13c327a49b44a9cb3f3e4cd38b39d13.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:11.266ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle x\in [x_{1},x_{2}]}" loading="lazy"></span> und <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle y\in [y_{1},y_{2}]}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>y</mi>
<mo>∈<!-- ∈ --></mo>
<mo stretchy="false">[</mo>
<msub>
<mi>y</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>,</mo>
<msub>
<mi>y</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo stretchy="false">]</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle y\in [y_{1},y_{2}]}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/31a0372448736f80721f3afb4a8d3116d7e060bb.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:10.711ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle y\in [y_{1},y_{2}]}" loading="lazy"></span>.
</p><p>Für praktische Anwendungen lässt sich dies noch weiter vereinfachen:
</p>
<ul><li><a href="Addition" title="Addition">Addition</a>: <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle [x_{1},x_{2}]+[y_{1},y_{2}]=[x_{1}+y_{1},x_{2}+y_{2}]}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mo stretchy="false">[</mo>
<msub>
<mi>x</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>,</mo>
<msub>
<mi>x</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo stretchy="false">]</mo>
<mo>+</mo>
<mo stretchy="false">[</mo>
<msub>
<mi>y</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>,</mo>
<msub>
<mi>y</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo stretchy="false">]</mo>
<mo>=</mo>
<mo stretchy="false">[</mo>
<msub>
<mi>x</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>+</mo>
<msub>
<mi>y</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>,</mo>
<msub>
<mi>x</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>+</mo>
<msub>
<mi>y</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo stretchy="false">]</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle [x_{1},x_{2}]+[y_{1},y_{2}]=[x_{1}+y_{1},x_{2}+y_{2}]}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/3b542d7b116e1934f6f7cba9ef63333cc26a77e3.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:36.912ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle [x_{1},x_{2}]+[y_{1},y_{2}]=[x_{1}+y_{1},x_{2}+y_{2}]}" loading="lazy"></span></li>
<li><a href="Subtraktion" title="Subtraktion">Subtraktion</a>: <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle [x_{1},x_{2}]-[y_{1},y_{2}]=[x_{1}-y_{2},x_{2}-y_{1}]}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mo stretchy="false">[</mo>
<msub>
<mi>x</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>,</mo>
<msub>
<mi>x</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo stretchy="false">]</mo>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mo stretchy="false">[</mo>
<msub>
<mi>y</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>,</mo>
<msub>
<mi>y</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo stretchy="false">]</mo>
<mo>=</mo>
<mo stretchy="false">[</mo>
<msub>
<mi>x</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<msub>
<mi>y</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>,</mo>
<msub>
<mi>x</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<msub>
<mi>y</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo stretchy="false">]</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle [x_{1},x_{2}]-[y_{1},y_{2}]=[x_{1}-y_{2},x_{2}-y_{1}]}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/85c4d944e4f5856cca9f868e7f42649a5ef8d30f.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:36.912ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle [x_{1},x_{2}]-[y_{1},y_{2}]=[x_{1}-y_{2},x_{2}-y_{1}]}" loading="lazy"></span></li>
<li><a href="Multiplikation" title="Multiplikation">Multiplikation</a>: <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle [x_{1},x_{2}]\cdot [y_{1},y_{2}]=[\min(x_{1}y_{1},x_{1}y_{2},x_{2}y_{1},x_{2}y_{2}),\max(x_{1}y_{1},x_{1}y_{2},x_{2}y_{1},x_{2}y_{2})]}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mo stretchy="false">[</mo>
<msub>
<mi>x</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>,</mo>
<msub>
<mi>x</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo stretchy="false">]</mo>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<mo stretchy="false">[</mo>
<msub>
<mi>y</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>,</mo>
<msub>
<mi>y</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo stretchy="false">]</mo>
<mo>=</mo>
<mo stretchy="false">[</mo>
<mo movablelimits="true" form="prefix">min</mo>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<msub>
<mi>x</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<msub>
<mi>y</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>,</mo>
<msub>
<mi>x</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<msub>
<mi>y</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>,</mo>
<msub>
<mi>x</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<msub>
<mi>y</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>,</mo>
<msub>
<mi>x</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<msub>
<mi>y</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>,</mo>
<mo movablelimits="true" form="prefix">max</mo>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<msub>
<mi>x</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<msub>
<mi>y</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>,</mo>
<msub>
<mi>x</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<msub>
<mi>y</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>,</mo>
<msub>
<mi>x</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<msub>
<mi>y</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>,</mo>
<msub>
<mi>x</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<msub>
<mi>y</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo stretchy="false">]</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle [x_{1},x_{2}]\cdot [y_{1},y_{2}]=[\min(x_{1}y_{1},x_{1}y_{2},x_{2}y_{1},x_{2}y_{2}),\max(x_{1}y_{1},x_{1}y_{2},x_{2}y_{1},x_{2}y_{2})]}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/873a6844ded4d23bd1a4dd067105b62ea9d149b3.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:75.558ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle [x_{1},x_{2}]\cdot [y_{1},y_{2}]=[\min(x_{1}y_{1},x_{1}y_{2},x_{2}y_{1},x_{2}y_{2}),\max(x_{1}y_{1},x_{1}y_{2},x_{2}y_{1},x_{2}y_{2})]}" loading="lazy"></span></li>
<li><a href="Division_(Mathematik)" title="Division (Mathematik)">Division</a>: <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle [x_{1},x_{2}]/[y_{1},y_{2}]=[x_{1},x_{2}]\cdot (1/[y_{1},y_{2}])}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mo stretchy="false">[</mo>
<msub>
<mi>x</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>,</mo>
<msub>
<mi>x</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo stretchy="false">]</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>/</mo>
</mrow>
<mo stretchy="false">[</mo>
<msub>
<mi>y</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>,</mo>
<msub>
<mi>y</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo stretchy="false">]</mo>
<mo>=</mo>
<mo stretchy="false">[</mo>
<msub>
<mi>x</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>,</mo>
<msub>
<mi>x</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo stretchy="false">]</mo>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mn>1</mn>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>/</mo>
</mrow>
<mo stretchy="false">[</mo>
<msub>
<mi>y</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>,</mo>
<msub>
<mi>y</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo stretchy="false">]</mo>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle [x_{1},x_{2}]/[y_{1},y_{2}]=[x_{1},x_{2}]\cdot (1/[y_{1},y_{2}])}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/dec08aaec0a56841d17aa21182a07c79e51a86a7.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:37.694ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle [x_{1},x_{2}]/[y_{1},y_{2}]=[x_{1},x_{2}]\cdot (1/[y_{1},y_{2}])}" loading="lazy"></span>, wobei <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle 1/[y_{1},y_{2}]=[1/y_{2},1/y_{1}]}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mn>1</mn>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>/</mo>
</mrow>
<mo stretchy="false">[</mo>
<msub>
<mi>y</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>,</mo>
<msub>
<mi>y</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo stretchy="false">]</mo>
<mo>=</mo>
<mo stretchy="false">[</mo>
<mn>1</mn>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>/</mo>
</mrow>
<msub>
<mi>y</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>,</mo>
<mn>1</mn>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>/</mo>
</mrow>
<msub>
<mi>y</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo stretchy="false">]</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle 1/[y_{1},y_{2}]=[1/y_{2},1/y_{1}]}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/c507113d5ae9bba5e5eeccc18016d862adad9cfa.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:23.502ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle 1/[y_{1},y_{2}]=[1/y_{2},1/y_{1}]}" loading="lazy"></span> falls <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle 0\notin [y_{1},y_{2}]}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mn>0</mn>
<mo>∉<!-- ∉ --></mo>
<mo stretchy="false">[</mo>
<msub>
<mi>y</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>,</mo>
<msub>
<mi>y</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo stretchy="false">]</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle 0\notin [y_{1},y_{2}]}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/0f34d59b94d78be6c12e0645ceb05504acf182ba.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:10.718ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle 0\notin [y_{1},y_{2}]}" loading="lazy"></span>.</li></ul>
<p>Für die Division durch ein Intervall, das die Null enthält, definiert man zunächst einmal
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle 1/[y_{1},0]=[-\infty ,1/y_{1}]}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mn>1</mn>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>/</mo>
</mrow>
<mo stretchy="false">[</mo>
<msub>
<mi>y</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>,</mo>
<mn>0</mn>
<mo stretchy="false">]</mo>
<mo>=</mo>
<mo stretchy="false">[</mo>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mi mathvariant="normal">∞<!-- ∞ --></mi>
<mo>,</mo>
<mn>1</mn>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>/</mo>
</mrow>
<msub>
<mi>y</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo stretchy="false">]</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle 1/[y_{1},0]=[-\infty ,1/y_{1}]}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/7f59e057d6292be3faf52c307f78912275a868a4.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:22.085ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle 1/[y_{1},0]=[-\infty ,1/y_{1}]}" loading="lazy"></span> und <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle 1/[0,y_{2}]=[1/y_{2},\infty ]}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mn>1</mn>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>/</mo>
</mrow>
<mo stretchy="false">[</mo>
<mn>0</mn>
<mo>,</mo>
<msub>
<mi>y</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo stretchy="false">]</mo>
<mo>=</mo>
<mo stretchy="false">[</mo>
<mn>1</mn>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>/</mo>
</mrow>
<msub>
<mi>y</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>,</mo>
<mi mathvariant="normal">∞<!-- ∞ --></mi>
<mo stretchy="false">]</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle 1/[0,y_{2}]=[1/y_{2},\infty ]}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/be38d8d61c02a0d1b61f8a778640e683a76145ac.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:20.277ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle 1/[0,y_{2}]=[1/y_{2},\infty ]}" loading="lazy"></span>.</dd></dl>
<p>Für <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle y_{1}<0<y_{2}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>y</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>&lt;</mo>
<mn>0</mn>
<mo>&lt;</mo>
<msub>
<mi>y</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle y_{1}&lt;0&lt;y_{2}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/8ac39c10a3c82e08d997441f41163d00f89c57c7.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:11.746ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle y_{1}<0<y_{2}}" loading="lazy"></span> gilt <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle 1/[y_{1},y_{2}]=[-\infty ,1/y_{1}]\cup [1/y_{2},\infty ]}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mn>1</mn>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>/</mo>
</mrow>
<mo stretchy="false">[</mo>
<msub>
<mi>y</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>,</mo>
<msub>
<mi>y</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo stretchy="false">]</mo>
<mo>=</mo>
<mo stretchy="false">[</mo>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mi mathvariant="normal">∞<!-- ∞ --></mi>
<mo>,</mo>
<mn>1</mn>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>/</mo>
</mrow>
<msub>
<mi>y</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo stretchy="false">]</mo>
<mo>∪<!-- ∪ --></mo>
<mo stretchy="false">[</mo>
<mn>1</mn>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>/</mo>
</mrow>
<msub>
<mi>y</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>,</mo>
<mi mathvariant="normal">∞<!-- ∞ --></mi>
<mo stretchy="false">]</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle 1/[y_{1},y_{2}]=[-\infty ,1/y_{1}]\cup [1/y_{2},\infty ]}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/995c4adae0070975ab19188f79ae5ff7cfeb2f85.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:34.868ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle 1/[y_{1},y_{2}]=[-\infty ,1/y_{1}]\cup [1/y_{2},\infty ]}" loading="lazy"></span>,
so dass man eigentlich
<span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle 1/[y_{1},y_{2}]=[-\infty ,\infty ]}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mn>1</mn>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>/</mo>
</mrow>
<mo stretchy="false">[</mo>
<msub>
<mi>y</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>,</mo>
<msub>
<mi>y</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo stretchy="false">]</mo>
<mo>=</mo>
<mo stretchy="false">[</mo>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mi mathvariant="normal">∞<!-- ∞ --></mi>
<mo>,</mo>
<mi mathvariant="normal">∞<!-- ∞ --></mi>
<mo stretchy="false">]</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle 1/[y_{1},y_{2}]=[-\infty ,\infty ]}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/3f90ef3eb5d93970be22bbf8140c1d6a6f76ef57.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:20.921ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle 1/[y_{1},y_{2}]=[-\infty ,\infty ]}" loading="lazy"></span> setzten müsste. Dadurch verliert man allerdings die Lücke <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle (1/y_{1},1/y_{2})}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mn>1</mn>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>/</mo>
</mrow>
<msub>
<mi>y</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>,</mo>
<mn>1</mn>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>/</mo>
</mrow>
<msub>
<mi>y</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle (1/y_{1},1/y_{2})}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/b7fe8d1d5a94596cbf4408e0273396ccb0e15727.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:11.88ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle (1/y_{1},1/y_{2})}" loading="lazy"></span> und damit wertvolle Informationen. Üblicherweise rechnet man daher mit den Teilmengen <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle [-\infty ,1/y_{1}]}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mo stretchy="false">[</mo>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mi mathvariant="normal">∞<!-- ∞ --></mi>
<mo>,</mo>
<mn>1</mn>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>/</mo>
</mrow>
<msub>
<mi>y</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo stretchy="false">]</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle [-\infty ,1/y_{1}]}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/803a973bc273fff2180df1d2fa776cf50dc17ebc.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:10.978ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle [-\infty ,1/y_{1}]}" loading="lazy"></span> und <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle [1/y_{2},\infty ]}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mo stretchy="false">[</mo>
<mn>1</mn>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>/</mo>
</mrow>
<msub>
<mi>y</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>,</mo>
<mi mathvariant="normal">∞<!-- ∞ --></mi>
<mo stretchy="false">]</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle [1/y_{2},\infty ]}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/85b5934064f8fb8df111ca3c0d9ff593fb9d6041.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:9.17ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle [1/y_{2},\infty ]}" loading="lazy"></span> einzeln weiter.
</p><p>Weil innerhalb einer Intervallrechnung auch mehrere solcher Aufspaltungen auftreten können, ist es manchmal sinnvoll, das Rechnen mit sogenannten <i>Multi-Intervallen</i> der Form <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \textstyle \bigcup _{i=1}^{l}[x_{i1},x_{i2}]}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mstyle displaystyle="false" scriptlevel="0">
<munderover>
<mo>⋃<!-- ⋃ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>i</mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>l</mi>
</mrow>
</munderover>
<mo stretchy="false">[</mo>
<msub>
<mi>x</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>i</mi>
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>,</mo>
<msub>
<mi>x</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>i</mi>
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo stretchy="false">]</mo>
</mstyle>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \textstyle \bigcup _{i=1}^{l}[x_{i1},x_{i2}]}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/63f3dda9b5b371300a1672d5795b678fed399765.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.005ex; width:13.066ex; height:3.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \textstyle \bigcup _{i=1}^{l}[x_{i1},x_{i2}]}" loading="lazy"></span> zu systematisieren. Die entsprechende <i>Multi-Intervall-Arithmetik</i> pflegt dann eine <a href="Disjunkt" title="Disjunkt">disjunkte</a> Menge von Intervallen und sorgt dann beispielsweise auch dafür, sich überschneidende Intervalle zu vereinigen (<a href="#Literatur">Lit.</a>: Dreyer, 2005).
</p><p>Da man eine Zahl <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle r\in \mathbb {R} }">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>r</mi>
<mo>∈<!-- ∈ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="double-struck">R</mi>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle r\in \mathbb {R} }</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/79ada4fd070acfeeee62081f256be1c106346359.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:5.567ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle r\in \mathbb {R} }" loading="lazy"></span> als das Intervall <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle [r,r]}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mo stretchy="false">[</mo>
<mi>r</mi>
<mo>,</mo>
<mi>r</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">]</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle [r,r]}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/b8a7f9ddb2a6a8a8797bbf9bdf4b52ccf037afb2.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:4.425ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle [r,r]}" loading="lazy"></span> interpretieren kann, erhält man sofort eine Vorschrift zur Kombination von intervall- und reellwertigen Größen.
</p><p>Mit Hilfe dieser Definitionen lässt sich bereits der Wertebereich einfacher Funktionen,
wie <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle f(a,b,x)=a\cdot x+b}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>f</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>a</mi>
<mo>,</mo>
<mi>b</mi>
<mo>,</mo>
<mi>x</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>=</mo>
<mi>a</mi>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<mi>x</mi>
<mo>+</mo>
<mi>b</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle f(a,b,x)=a\cdot x+b}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/0ed243b1856ee6f3c72369da616cd254754101b3.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:19.888ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle f(a,b,x)=a\cdot x+b}" loading="lazy"></span> bestimmen.
Setzt man beispielsweise <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle a=[1,2]}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>a</mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mo stretchy="false">[</mo>
<mn>1</mn>
<mo>,</mo>
<mn>2</mn>
<mo stretchy="false">]</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle a=[1,2]}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/91790e08fd2f86a980cdb4c012455fb5fb088314.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:8.981ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle a=[1,2]}" loading="lazy"></span>, <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle b=[5,7]}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>b</mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mo stretchy="false">[</mo>
<mn>5</mn>
<mo>,</mo>
<mn>7</mn>
<mo stretchy="false">]</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle b=[5,7]}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/580945e531a2b49d3b1025da4ced2d04d3276151.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:8.749ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle b=[5,7]}" loading="lazy"></span> und <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle x=[2,3]}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>x</mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mo stretchy="false">[</mo>
<mn>2</mn>
<mo>,</mo>
<mn>3</mn>
<mo stretchy="false">]</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle x=[2,3]}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/7eb8fd099786d42d5c8479cb22dcd6d1ca67da37.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:9.081ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle x=[2,3]}" loading="lazy"></span>,
so ergibt sich
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle f(a,b,x)=([1,2]\cdot [2,3])+[5,7]=[1\cdot 2,2\cdot 3]+[5,7]=[7,13]}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>f</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>a</mi>
<mo>,</mo>
<mi>b</mi>
<mo>,</mo>
<mi>x</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>=</mo>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mo stretchy="false">[</mo>
<mn>1</mn>
<mo>,</mo>
<mn>2</mn>
<mo stretchy="false">]</mo>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<mo stretchy="false">[</mo>
<mn>2</mn>
<mo>,</mo>
<mn>3</mn>
<mo stretchy="false">]</mo>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>+</mo>
<mo stretchy="false">[</mo>
<mn>5</mn>
<mo>,</mo>
<mn>7</mn>
<mo stretchy="false">]</mo>
<mo>=</mo>
<mo stretchy="false">[</mo>
<mn>1</mn>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<mn>2</mn>
<mo>,</mo>
<mn>2</mn>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<mn>3</mn>
<mo stretchy="false">]</mo>
<mo>+</mo>
<mo stretchy="false">[</mo>
<mn>5</mn>
<mo>,</mo>
<mn>7</mn>
<mo stretchy="false">]</mo>
<mo>=</mo>
<mo stretchy="false">[</mo>
<mn>7</mn>
<mo>,</mo>
<mn>13</mn>
<mo stretchy="false">]</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle f(a,b,x)=([1,2]\cdot [2,3])+[5,7]=[1\cdot 2,2\cdot 3]+[5,7]=[7,13]}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/13ccc90194617dd6b0158037257082916bba4c3f.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:61.938ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle f(a,b,x)=([1,2]\cdot [2,3])+[5,7]=[1\cdot 2,2\cdot 3]+[5,7]=[7,13]}" loading="lazy"></span>.</dd></dl>
<p>Interpretiert man <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle f(a,b,x)}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>f</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>a</mi>
<mo>,</mo>
<mi>b</mi>
<mo>,</mo>
<mi>x</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle f(a,b,x)}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/19b3aa859d92bc14844a7be265dafe0825572609.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:8.713ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle f(a,b,x)}" loading="lazy"></span> als Funktion einer Variablen
<span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle x}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>x</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle x}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/87f9e315fd7e2ba406057a97300593c4802b53e4.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.33ex; height:1.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle x}" loading="lazy"></span> mit intervallwertigen Parametern <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle a}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>a</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle a}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/ffd2487510aa438433a2579450ab2b3d557e5edc.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.23ex; height:1.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle a}" loading="lazy"></span> und <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle b}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>b</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle b}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/f11423fbb2e967f986e36804a8ae4271734917c3.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:0.998ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle b}" loading="lazy"></span>, dann lässt sich die Menge aller Nullstellen dieser <a href="Funktionenschar" class="mw-redirect" title="Funktionenschar">Funktionenschar</a> leicht bestimmen. Es gilt dann
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle f([1,2],[5,7],x)=([1,2]\cdot x)+[5,7]=0\Leftrightarrow [1,2]\cdot x=[-7,-5]\Leftrightarrow x=[-7,-5]/[1,2]}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>f</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mo stretchy="false">[</mo>
<mn>1</mn>
<mo>,</mo>
<mn>2</mn>
<mo stretchy="false">]</mo>
<mo>,</mo>
<mo stretchy="false">[</mo>
<mn>5</mn>
<mo>,</mo>
<mn>7</mn>
<mo stretchy="false">]</mo>
<mo>,</mo>
<mi>x</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>=</mo>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mo stretchy="false">[</mo>
<mn>1</mn>
<mo>,</mo>
<mn>2</mn>
<mo stretchy="false">]</mo>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<mi>x</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>+</mo>
<mo stretchy="false">[</mo>
<mn>5</mn>
<mo>,</mo>
<mn>7</mn>
<mo stretchy="false">]</mo>
<mo>=</mo>
<mn>0</mn>
<mo stretchy="false">⇔<!-- ⇔ --></mo>
<mo stretchy="false">[</mo>
<mn>1</mn>
<mo>,</mo>
<mn>2</mn>
<mo stretchy="false">]</mo>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<mi>x</mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mo stretchy="false">[</mo>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mn>7</mn>
<mo>,</mo>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mn>5</mn>
<mo stretchy="false">]</mo>
<mo stretchy="false">⇔<!-- ⇔ --></mo>
<mi>x</mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mo stretchy="false">[</mo>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mn>7</mn>
<mo>,</mo>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mn>5</mn>
<mo stretchy="false">]</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>/</mo>
</mrow>
<mo stretchy="false">[</mo>
<mn>1</mn>
<mo>,</mo>
<mn>2</mn>
<mo stretchy="false">]</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle f([1,2],[5,7],x)=([1,2]\cdot x)+[5,7]=0\Leftrightarrow [1,2]\cdot x=[-7,-5]\Leftrightarrow x=[-7,-5]/[1,2]}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/2ff23c020d519fe81b962c964f743705c9497f65.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:84.882ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle f([1,2],[5,7],x)=([1,2]\cdot x)+[5,7]=0\Leftrightarrow [1,2]\cdot x=[-7,-5]\Leftrightarrow x=[-7,-5]/[1,2]}" loading="lazy"></span>,</dd></dl>
<p>die möglichen Nullstellen liegen also im Intervall <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle [-7;-2{,}5]}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mo stretchy="false">[</mo>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mn>7</mn>
<mo>;</mo>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mn>2</mn>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>,</mo>
</mrow>
<mn>5</mn>
<mo stretchy="false">]</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle [-7;-2{,}5]}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/62fd4a69187c8490711dae32b120b34810c315ae.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:10.078ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle [-7;-2{,}5]}" loading="lazy"></span>.
</p>

<p>Wie im obigen Beispiel kann die Multiplikation von Intervallen oft auf die Multiplikation nur zweier Zahlen zurückgeführt werden. Es gilt nämlich
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle [x_{1},x_{2}]\cdot [y_{1},y_{2}]=[x_{1}\cdot y_{1},x_{2}\cdot y_{2}]}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mo stretchy="false">[</mo>
<msub>
<mi>x</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>,</mo>
<msub>
<mi>x</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo stretchy="false">]</mo>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<mo stretchy="false">[</mo>
<msub>
<mi>y</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>,</mo>
<msub>
<mi>y</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo stretchy="false">]</mo>
<mo>=</mo>
<mo stretchy="false">[</mo>
<msub>
<mi>x</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<msub>
<mi>y</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>,</mo>
<msub>
<mi>x</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<msub>
<mi>y</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo stretchy="false">]</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle [x_{1},x_{2}]\cdot [y_{1},y_{2}]=[x_{1}\cdot y_{1},x_{2}\cdot y_{2}]}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/a56b77469af7adcffee5be08c27bed28bb3d8683.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:33.428ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle [x_{1},x_{2}]\cdot [y_{1},y_{2}]=[x_{1}\cdot y_{1},x_{2}\cdot y_{2}]}" loading="lazy"></span>, falls <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle x_{1},y_{1}\geq 0}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>x</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>,</mo>
<msub>
<mi>y</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>≥<!-- ≥ --></mo>
<mn>0</mn>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle x_{1},y_{1}\geq 0}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/f2a5bac3a04637bb8f30278c56277a1a9f1dff69.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:9.872ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle x_{1},y_{1}\geq 0}" loading="lazy"></span>.</dd></dl>
<p>Die Multiplikation lässt sich hier als Flächenbestimmung eines <a href="Rechteck" title="Rechteck">Rechtecks</a> mit variierenden Kantenlängen interpretieren. Das intervallwertige Ergebnis deckt dann alle Werte von der kleinst- bis zu größtmöglichen Fläche ab.
</p><p>Entsprechendes gilt, wenn eines der beiden Intervalle ganz im nicht-positiven und das andere ganz im nicht-negativen Bereich der reellen Achse liegt. Generell muss bei der Multiplikation noch beachtet werden, dass das Ergebnis sofort auf <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle [{-\infty },{\infty }]}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mo stretchy="false">[</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mi mathvariant="normal">∞<!-- ∞ --></mi>
</mrow>
<mo>,</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">∞<!-- ∞ --></mi>
</mrow>
<mo stretchy="false">]</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle [{-\infty },{\infty }]}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/9158782085266e5fcbd484b5983d311b9b187c21.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:8.783ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle [{-\infty },{\infty }]}" loading="lazy"></span> gesetzt werden muss, falls unbestimmte Werte, wie <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle 0\cdot \infty }">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mn>0</mn>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<mi mathvariant="normal">∞<!-- ∞ --></mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle 0\cdot \infty }</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/d4738f1bea788ab349643aa9cd22991c12725615.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:5.165ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle 0\cdot \infty }" loading="lazy"></span> auftreten. Dies tritt z.&nbsp;B. bei einer Division auf, bei der <a href="Bruchrechnung" title="Bruchrechnung">Zähler</a> und <a href="Bruchrechnung" title="Bruchrechnung">Nenner</a> beide Null enthalten.
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Notation">Notation</h3></div>
<p>Um intervallwertige Größen leichter in <a href="Mathematische_Formel" class="mw-redirect" title="Mathematische Formel">mathematischen Formeln</a> zu erkennen, zweckentfremdet man die eckigen Klammern zur „Markierung“.
</p><p>Dementsprechend bezeichnet <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle [x]\equiv [x_{1},x_{2}]}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mo stretchy="false">[</mo>
<mi>x</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">]</mo>
<mo>≡<!-- ≡ --></mo>
<mo stretchy="false">[</mo>
<msub>
<mi>x</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>,</mo>
<msub>
<mi>x</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo stretchy="false">]</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle [x]\equiv [x_{1},x_{2}]}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/1d322dcd67b7a0ab33a04094ffef417552119ad2.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:12.817ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle [x]\equiv [x_{1},x_{2}]}" loading="lazy"></span> ein Intervall und die Menge aller reellen Intervalle wird als
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle [\mathbb {R} ]:={\big \{}\,[x_{1},x_{2}]\,|\,x_{1}\leq x_{2}\,{\text{und}}\,x_{1},x_{2}\in \mathbb {R} \cup \{-\infty ,\infty \}{\big \}}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mo stretchy="false">[</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="double-struck">R</mi>
</mrow>
<mo stretchy="false">]</mo>
<mo>:=</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo maxsize="1.2em" minsize="1.2em">{</mo>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace>
<mo stretchy="false">[</mo>
<msub>
<mi>x</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>,</mo>
<msub>
<mi>x</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo stretchy="false">]</mo>
<mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo stretchy="false">|</mo>
</mrow>
<mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace>
<msub>
<mi>x</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>≤<!-- ≤ --></mo>
<msub>
<mi>x</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mtext>und</mtext>
</mrow>
<mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace>
<msub>
<mi>x</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>,</mo>
<msub>
<mi>x</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>∈<!-- ∈ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="double-struck">R</mi>
</mrow>
<mo>∪<!-- ∪ --></mo>
<mo fence="false" stretchy="false">{</mo>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mi mathvariant="normal">∞<!-- ∞ --></mi>
<mo>,</mo>
<mi mathvariant="normal">∞<!-- ∞ --></mi>
<mo fence="false" stretchy="false">}</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo maxsize="1.2em" minsize="1.2em">}</mo>
</mrow>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle [\mathbb {R} ]:={\big \{}\,[x_{1},x_{2}]\,|\,x_{1}\leq x_{2}\,{\text{und}}\,x_{1},x_{2}\in \mathbb {R} \cup \{-\infty ,\infty \}{\big \}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/82f774f6153dac520e98c992f01897122094abae.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.005ex; width:53.567ex; height:3.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle [\mathbb {R} ]:={\big \{}\,[x_{1},x_{2}]\,|\,x_{1}\leq x_{2}\,{\text{und}}\,x_{1},x_{2}\in \mathbb {R} \cup \{-\infty ,\infty \}{\big \}}}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>abgekürzt. Für eine <a href="Quader" title="Quader">Box</a> oder einen <a href="Vektor" title="Vektor">Vektor</a> von Intervallen <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\big (}[x]_{1},\ldots ,[x]_{n}{\big )}\in [\mathbb {R} ]^{n}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo maxsize="1.2em" minsize="1.2em">(</mo>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mo stretchy="false">[</mo>
<mi>x</mi>
<msub>
<mo stretchy="false">]</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>,</mo>
<mo>…<!-- … --></mo>
<mo>,</mo>
<mo stretchy="false">[</mo>
<mi>x</mi>
<msub>
<mo stretchy="false">]</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>n</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo maxsize="1.2em" minsize="1.2em">)</mo>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mo>∈<!-- ∈ --></mo>
<mo stretchy="false">[</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="double-struck">R</mi>
</mrow>
<msup>
<mo stretchy="false">]</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>n</mi>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\big (}[x]_{1},\ldots ,[x]_{n}{\big )}\in [\mathbb {R} ]^{n}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/ee6c2444de4d81a9d9e2d1cb82a1f9cb6ef0235a.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.005ex; width:21.858ex; height:3.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\big (}[x]_{1},\ldots ,[x]_{n}{\big )}\in [\mathbb {R} ]^{n}}" loading="lazy"></span> verwendet man zusätzlich fetten <a href="Schriftschnitt" title="Schriftschnitt">Schriftschnitt</a>: <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle [\mathbf {x} ]}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mo stretchy="false">[</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="bold">x</mi>
</mrow>
<mo stretchy="false">]</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle [\mathbf {x} ]}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/4290e7f30dee955efaed120787cce1b1b5ec6134.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:2.705ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle [\mathbf {x} ]}" loading="lazy"></span>.
</p><p>Bei einer derart kompakten Notation ist zu beachten, dass <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle [x]}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mo stretchy="false">[</mo>
<mi>x</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">]</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle [x]}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/07548563c21e128890501e14eb7c80ee2d6fda4d.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:2.623ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle [x]}" loading="lazy"></span> nicht mit einem sogenannten <i>uneigentlichen</i> Intervall&nbsp;<span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle [x_{1},x_{1}]}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mo stretchy="false">[</mo>
<msub>
<mi>x</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>,</mo>
<msub>
<mi>x</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo stretchy="false">]</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle [x_{1},x_{1}]}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/41877bedc66b3761d2054384a30df5df95b3325f.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:7.095ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle [x_{1},x_{1}]}" loading="lazy"></span> verwechselt wird, bei dem obere und untere Grenze übereinstimmen.
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Elementare_Funktionen">Elementare Funktionen</h3></div>

<p>Um auch Funktionen mit Intervallmethoden behandeln zu können, deren <a href="Term" title="Term">Terme</a> sich nicht aus den Grundrechenarten ergeben, muss man auch noch weitere <i>elementare Funktionen</i> für Intervalle neu definieren. Dabei nutzt man vorhandene Monotonieeigenschaften aus.
</p><p>Für <a href="Reelle_monotone_Funktion" class="mw-redirect" title="Reelle monotone Funktion">monotone Funktionen</a> in einer Variablen lässt sich der Wertebereich ebenfalls leicht bestimmen. Ist <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle f\colon \mathbb {R} \rightarrow \mathbb {R} }">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>f</mi>
<mo>:<!-- : --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="double-struck">R</mi>
</mrow>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="double-struck">R</mi>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle f\colon \mathbb {R} \rightarrow \mathbb {R} }</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/f0b0f3bb13b685a26a6106e7190aa7ba94e513f5.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:9.283ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle f\colon \mathbb {R} \rightarrow \mathbb {R} }" loading="lazy"></span> monoton steigend oder fallend in einem Intervall <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle [x_{1},x_{2}]}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mo stretchy="false">[</mo>
<msub>
<mi>x</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>,</mo>
<msub>
<mi>x</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo stretchy="false">]</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle [x_{1},x_{2}]}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/91bdff343d848c2b70c68b5c04a2479b14a9fef0.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:7.095ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle [x_{1},x_{2}]}" loading="lazy"></span>, dann gilt für alle Werte <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle y_{1},y_{2}\in [x_{1},x_{2}]}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>y</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>,</mo>
<msub>
<mi>y</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>∈<!-- ∈ --></mo>
<mo stretchy="false">[</mo>
<msub>
<mi>x</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>,</mo>
<msub>
<mi>x</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo stretchy="false">]</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle y_{1},y_{2}\in [x_{1},x_{2}]}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/85c34f3ed35814345d132f44de3a61839b756e4a.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:15.357ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle y_{1},y_{2}\in [x_{1},x_{2}]}" loading="lazy"></span> mit <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle y_{1}\leq y_{2}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>y</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>≤<!-- ≤ --></mo>
<msub>
<mi>y</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle y_{1}\leq y_{2}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/7d9fddfd35b15f38954ce0d32b44a66e292b5fa1.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:7.485ex; height:2.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle y_{1}\leq y_{2}}" loading="lazy"></span> die Ungleichung
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle f(y_{1})\leq f(y_{2})}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>f</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<msub>
<mi>y</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>≤<!-- ≤ --></mo>
<mi>f</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<msub>
<mi>y</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle f(y_{1})\leq f(y_{2})}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/1c29e9367f30aa5087d4a348577cad493d17d810.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:13.661ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle f(y_{1})\leq f(y_{2})}" loading="lazy"></span>, bzw. <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle f(y_{1})\geq f(y_{2})}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>f</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<msub>
<mi>y</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>≥<!-- ≥ --></mo>
<mi>f</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<msub>
<mi>y</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle f(y_{1})\geq f(y_{2})}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/32784e578993b7c09e7b56d4d5456c8ef952a293.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:13.661ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle f(y_{1})\geq f(y_{2})}" loading="lazy"></span>.</dd></dl>
<p>Den Wertebereich des Intervalls <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle [y_{1},y_{2}]\subseteq [x_{1},x_{2}]}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mo stretchy="false">[</mo>
<msub>
<mi>y</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>,</mo>
<msub>
<mi>y</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo stretchy="false">]</mo>
<mo>⊆<!-- ⊆ --></mo>
<mo stretchy="false">[</mo>
<msub>
<mi>x</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>,</mo>
<msub>
<mi>x</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo stretchy="false">]</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle [y_{1},y_{2}]\subseteq [x_{1},x_{2}]}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/1ef787934d937f062fc74eb29f6871dc05ae5a45.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:16.908ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle [y_{1},y_{2}]\subseteq [x_{1},x_{2}]}" loading="lazy"></span> erhält man durch Auswertung der Funktion an den Endpunkten <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle y_{1}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>y</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle y_{1}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/eef4db76d658a98219aca14df06d9869d2b43c42.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:2.193ex; height:2.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle y_{1}}" loading="lazy"></span> und <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle y_{2}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>y</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle y_{2}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/7377c7399e662562cd420fa5c7ce49cfba574998.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:2.193ex; height:2.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle y_{2}}" loading="lazy"></span>:
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle f([y_{1},y_{2}])=\left[\min {\big \{}f(y_{1}),f(y_{2}){\big \}},\max {\big \{}f(y_{1}),f(y_{2}){\big \}}\right]}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>f</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mo stretchy="false">[</mo>
<msub>
<mi>y</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>,</mo>
<msub>
<mi>y</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo stretchy="false">]</mo>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>=</mo>
<mrow>
<mo>[</mo>
<mrow>
<mo movablelimits="true" form="prefix">min</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo maxsize="1.2em" minsize="1.2em">{</mo>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mi>f</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<msub>
<mi>y</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>,</mo>
<mi>f</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<msub>
<mi>y</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo maxsize="1.2em" minsize="1.2em">}</mo>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mo>,</mo>
<mo movablelimits="true" form="prefix">max</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo maxsize="1.2em" minsize="1.2em">{</mo>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mi>f</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<msub>
<mi>y</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>,</mo>
<mi>f</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<msub>
<mi>y</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo maxsize="1.2em" minsize="1.2em">}</mo>
</mrow>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mo>]</mo>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle f([y_{1},y_{2}])=\left[\min {\big \{}f(y_{1}),f(y_{2}){\big \}},\max {\big \{}f(y_{1}),f(y_{2}){\big \}}\right]}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/8c30d28f6a06f1d53a6846247462b80709cf6d7c.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.005ex; width:53.464ex; height:3.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle f([y_{1},y_{2}])=\left[\min {\big \{}f(y_{1}),f(y_{2}){\big \}},\max {\big \{}f(y_{1}),f(y_{2}){\big \}}\right]}" loading="lazy"></span>.</dd></dl>
<p>Daher lassen sich folgende <i>Intervallisierungen</i> elementarer Funktionen leicht definieren:
</p>
<ul><li><a href="Exponentialfunktion" title="Exponentialfunktion">Exponentialfunktion</a>: <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle a^{[x_{1},x_{2}]}=[a^{x_{1}},a^{x_{2}}]}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msup>
<mi>a</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo stretchy="false">[</mo>
<msub>
<mi>x</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>,</mo>
<msub>
<mi>x</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo stretchy="false">]</mo>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo>=</mo>
<mo stretchy="false">[</mo>
<msup>
<mi>a</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<msub>
<mi>x</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo>,</mo>
<msup>
<mi>a</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<msub>
<mi>x</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo stretchy="false">]</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle a^{[x_{1},x_{2}]}=[a^{x_{1}},a^{x_{2}}]}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/e0594eea6d7cc12e0eb0118e89cacab79fd4a2a2.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:18.272ex; height:3.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle a^{[x_{1},x_{2}]}=[a^{x_{1}},a^{x_{2}}]}" loading="lazy"></span>, für <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle a>1}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>a</mi>
<mo>&gt;</mo>
<mn>1</mn>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle a&gt;1}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/bc5b9d9fb0ff9d4455e75ccd29676bd7f33da80e.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:5.491ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle a>1}" loading="lazy"></span>,</li>
<li><a href="Logarithmus" title="Logarithmus">Logarithmus</a>: <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \log _{a}{\big (}{[x_{1},x_{2}]}{\big )}=[\log _{a}{x_{1}},\log _{a}{x_{2}}]}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>log</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>a</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>⁡<!-- ⁡ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo maxsize="1.2em" minsize="1.2em">(</mo>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo stretchy="false">[</mo>
<msub>
<mi>x</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>,</mo>
<msub>
<mi>x</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo stretchy="false">]</mo>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo maxsize="1.2em" minsize="1.2em">)</mo>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mo>=</mo>
<mo stretchy="false">[</mo>
<msub>
<mi>log</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>a</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>⁡<!-- ⁡ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<msub>
<mi>x</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mrow>
<mo>,</mo>
<msub>
<mi>log</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>a</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>⁡<!-- ⁡ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<msub>
<mi>x</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mrow>
<mo stretchy="false">]</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \log _{a}{\big (}{[x_{1},x_{2}]}{\big )}=[\log _{a}{x_{1}},\log _{a}{x_{2}}]}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/1c26e75b005379c7ff35b8a6b496d4337ac31c33.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.005ex; width:32.801ex; height:3.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \log _{a}{\big (}{[x_{1},x_{2}]}{\big )}=[\log _{a}{x_{1}},\log _{a}{x_{2}}]}" loading="lazy"></span>, für positive Intervalle <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle [x_{1},x_{2}]}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mo stretchy="false">[</mo>
<msub>
<mi>x</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>,</mo>
<msub>
<mi>x</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo stretchy="false">]</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle [x_{1},x_{2}]}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/91bdff343d848c2b70c68b5c04a2479b14a9fef0.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:7.095ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle [x_{1},x_{2}]}" loading="lazy"></span> und <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle a>1}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>a</mi>
<mo>&gt;</mo>
<mn>1</mn>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle a&gt;1}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/bc5b9d9fb0ff9d4455e75ccd29676bd7f33da80e.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:5.491ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle a>1}" loading="lazy"></span></li>
<li><a href="Parit%C3%A4t_(Mathematik)" title="Parität (Mathematik)">Ungerade</a> <a href="Potenz_(Mathematik)" title="Potenz (Mathematik)">Potenzen</a>: <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {[x_{1},x_{2}]}^{n}=[{x_{1}}^{n},{x_{2}}^{n}]}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msup>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo stretchy="false">[</mo>
<msub>
<mi>x</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>,</mo>
<msub>
<mi>x</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo stretchy="false">]</mo>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>n</mi>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo>=</mo>
<mo stretchy="false">[</mo>
<msup>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<msub>
<mi>x</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>n</mi>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo>,</mo>
<msup>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<msub>
<mi>x</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>n</mi>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo stretchy="false">]</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {[x_{1},x_{2}]}^{n}=[{x_{1}}^{n},{x_{2}}^{n}]}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/064a2d360eda91aa1332f4ba9f556a71733a15b3.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:20.945ex; height:3.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {[x_{1},x_{2}]}^{n}=[{x_{1}}^{n},{x_{2}}^{n}]}" loading="lazy"></span>, für ungerade <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle n\in \mathbb {N} }">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>n</mi>
<mo>∈<!-- ∈ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="double-struck">N</mi>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle n\in \mathbb {N} }</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/d059936e77a2d707e9ee0a1d9575a1d693ce5d0b.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:5.913ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle n\in \mathbb {N} }" loading="lazy"></span>.</li></ul>
<p>Es ist außerdem noch wichtig, den Wertebereich für gerade Potenzen bestimmen zu können. Im Gegensatz zur üblichen Numerik ist es hier nicht sinnvoll, die Berechnung auf die Multiplikation zurückzuführen.
Beispielsweise bewegt sich <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle x^{n}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msup>
<mi>x</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>n</mi>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle x^{n}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/150d38e238991bc4d0689ffc9d2a852547d2658d.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:2.548ex; height:2.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle x^{n}}" loading="lazy"></span> für <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle x\in [-1,1]}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>x</mi>
<mo>∈<!-- ∈ --></mo>
<mo stretchy="false">[</mo>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mn>1</mn>
<mo>,</mo>
<mn>1</mn>
<mo stretchy="false">]</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle x\in [-1,1]}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/1f9d0dda56ce3e01e14570ac9aef0021c6125722.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:10.631ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle x\in [-1,1]}" loading="lazy"></span> innerhalb des Intervalles <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle [0,1]}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mo stretchy="false">[</mo>
<mn>0</mn>
<mo>,</mo>
<mn>1</mn>
<mo stretchy="false">]</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle [0,1]}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/738f7d23bb2d9642bab520020873cccbef49768d.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:4.653ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle [0,1]}" loading="lazy"></span>, wenn <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle n=2,4,6,\ldots }">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>n</mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mn>2</mn>
<mo>,</mo>
<mn>4</mn>
<mo>,</mo>
<mn>6</mn>
<mo>,</mo>
<mo>…<!-- … --></mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle n=2,4,6,\ldots }</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/6784c33cc84696a9a27267947a7bcacbced708ec.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:13.806ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle n=2,4,6,\ldots }" loading="lazy"></span>. Versucht man <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle [-1,1]^{n}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mo stretchy="false">[</mo>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mn>1</mn>
<mo>,</mo>
<mn>1</mn>
<msup>
<mo stretchy="false">]</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>n</mi>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle [-1,1]^{n}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/6a008254b1bf6d63ac3b13548c4c31180bcd43de.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:7.679ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle [-1,1]^{n}}" loading="lazy"></span> aber durch Multiplikationen der Form <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle [-1,1]\cdot \ldots \cdot [-1,1]}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mo stretchy="false">[</mo>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mn>1</mn>
<mo>,</mo>
<mn>1</mn>
<mo stretchy="false">]</mo>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<mo>…<!-- … --></mo>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<mo stretchy="false">[</mo>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mn>1</mn>
<mo>,</mo>
<mn>1</mn>
<mo stretchy="false">]</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle [-1,1]\cdot \ldots \cdot [-1,1]}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/52786e688feef0009e3d8bd22203752d9a461ab6.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:19.003ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle [-1,1]\cdot \ldots \cdot [-1,1]}" loading="lazy"></span> zu bestimmen, so erhält man in jedem Fall als Ergebnis <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle [-1,1]}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mo stretchy="false">[</mo>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mn>1</mn>
<mo>,</mo>
<mn>1</mn>
<mo stretchy="false">]</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle [-1,1]}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/51e3b7f14a6f70e614728c583409a0b9a8b9de01.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:6.461ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle [-1,1]}" loading="lazy"></span>.
</p><p>Sinnvoller ist es hier, die <a href="Parabel_(Mathematik)" title="Parabel (Mathematik)">Parabel</a>&nbsp;<span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle x^{n}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msup>
<mi>x</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>n</mi>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle x^{n}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/150d38e238991bc4d0689ffc9d2a852547d2658d.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:2.548ex; height:2.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle x^{n}}" loading="lazy"></span> als Zusammensetzung einer monoton fallenden (für <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle x<0}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>x</mi>
<mo>&lt;</mo>
<mn>0</mn>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle x&lt;0}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/1a4dbbf970b2d2863dcab589eafe006f08e727d7.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:5.591ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle x<0}" loading="lazy"></span>) und einer monoton steigenden Funktion (für <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle x>0}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>x</mi>
<mo>&gt;</mo>
<mn>0</mn>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle x&gt;0}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/80d24be5f0eb4a9173da6038badc8659546021d0.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:5.591ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle x>0}" loading="lazy"></span>) zu betrachten. Es gilt also für gerade <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle n\in \mathbb {N} }">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>n</mi>
<mo>∈<!-- ∈ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="double-struck">N</mi>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle n\in \mathbb {N} }</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/d059936e77a2d707e9ee0a1d9575a1d693ce5d0b.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:5.913ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle n\in \mathbb {N} }" loading="lazy"></span>:
</p>
<ul><li><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {[x_{1},x_{2}]}^{n}=[x_{1}^{n},x_{2}^{n}]}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msup>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo stretchy="false">[</mo>
<msub>
<mi>x</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>,</mo>
<msub>
<mi>x</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo stretchy="false">]</mo>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>n</mi>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo>=</mo>
<mo stretchy="false">[</mo>
<msubsup>
<mi>x</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>n</mi>
</mrow>
</msubsup>
<mo>,</mo>
<msubsup>
<mi>x</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>n</mi>
</mrow>
</msubsup>
<mo stretchy="false">]</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {[x_{1},x_{2}]}^{n}=[x_{1}^{n},x_{2}^{n}]}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/d19672f043a8f0f430edde2fd238d4de0df8a049.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.005ex; width:18.836ex; height:3.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {[x_{1},x_{2}]}^{n}=[x_{1}^{n},x_{2}^{n}]}" loading="lazy"></span>, falls <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle x_{1}\geq 0}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>x</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>≥<!-- ≥ --></mo>
<mn>0</mn>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle x_{1}\geq 0}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/b1158db629080d417050d60fed774e0f12084231.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:6.645ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle x_{1}\geq 0}" loading="lazy"></span>,</li>
<li><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {[x_{1},x_{2}]}^{n}=[x_{2}^{n},x_{1}^{n}]}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msup>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo stretchy="false">[</mo>
<msub>
<mi>x</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>,</mo>
<msub>
<mi>x</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo stretchy="false">]</mo>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>n</mi>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo>=</mo>
<mo stretchy="false">[</mo>
<msubsup>
<mi>x</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>n</mi>
</mrow>
</msubsup>
<mo>,</mo>
<msubsup>
<mi>x</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>n</mi>
</mrow>
</msubsup>
<mo stretchy="false">]</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {[x_{1},x_{2}]}^{n}=[x_{2}^{n},x_{1}^{n}]}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/7cf00a2227a701d76184726dc294eb3c4f26e5ad.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.005ex; width:18.836ex; height:3.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {[x_{1},x_{2}]}^{n}=[x_{2}^{n},x_{1}^{n}]}" loading="lazy"></span>, falls <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle x_{2}\leq 0}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>x</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>≤<!-- ≤ --></mo>
<mn>0</mn>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle x_{2}\leq 0}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/038f3477365116d04e703655e64f762ce72e029f.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:6.645ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle x_{2}\leq 0}" loading="lazy"></span>,</li>
<li><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {[x_{1},x_{2}]}^{n}=[0,\max\{x_{1}^{n},x_{2}^{n}\}]}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msup>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo stretchy="false">[</mo>
<msub>
<mi>x</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>,</mo>
<msub>
<mi>x</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo stretchy="false">]</mo>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>n</mi>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo>=</mo>
<mo stretchy="false">[</mo>
<mn>0</mn>
<mo>,</mo>
<mo movablelimits="true" form="prefix">max</mo>
<mo fence="false" stretchy="false">{</mo>
<msubsup>
<mi>x</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>n</mi>
</mrow>
</msubsup>
<mo>,</mo>
<msubsup>
<mi>x</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>n</mi>
</mrow>
</msubsup>
<mo fence="false" stretchy="false">}</mo>
<mo stretchy="false">]</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {[x_{1},x_{2}]}^{n}=[0,\max\{x_{1}^{n},x_{2}^{n}\}]}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/7eda1453bfb69a8629591ef560874e6dfe573561.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.005ex; width:27.683ex; height:3.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {[x_{1},x_{2}]}^{n}=[0,\max\{x_{1}^{n},x_{2}^{n}\}]}" loading="lazy"></span>, sonst.</li></ul>
<p>Allgemeiner kann man sagen, dass es für <i>stückweise</i> monotone Funktionen ausreicht, diese an den Endpunkten&nbsp;<span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle x_{1},x_{2}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>x</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>,</mo>
<msub>
<mi>x</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle x_{1},x_{2}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/188263943645114e27e316cc1be787861e5b67be.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:5.802ex; height:2.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle x_{1},x_{2}}" loading="lazy"></span> eines Intervalls&nbsp;<span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle [x_{1},x_{2}]}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mo stretchy="false">[</mo>
<msub>
<mi>x</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>,</mo>
<msub>
<mi>x</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo stretchy="false">]</mo>
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</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle [x_{1},x_{2}]}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/91bdff343d848c2b70c68b5c04a2479b14a9fef0.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:7.095ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle [x_{1},x_{2}]}" loading="lazy"></span>, sowie an den in&nbsp;<span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle [x_{1},x_{2}]}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mo stretchy="false">[</mo>
<msub>
<mi>x</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>,</mo>
<msub>
<mi>x</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo stretchy="false">]</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle [x_{1},x_{2}]}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/91bdff343d848c2b70c68b5c04a2479b14a9fef0.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:7.095ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle [x_{1},x_{2}]}" loading="lazy"></span> enthaltenen sogenannten <i>kritischen Punkten</i> auszurechnen. Die kritischen Punkte entsprechen hierbei den Stellen, an denen sich die Monotonieeigenschaften ändern.
</p><p>Dies lässt sich z.&nbsp;B. auf <a href="Sinus_und_Kosinus" title="Sinus und Kosinus">Sinus und Kosinus</a> anwenden, die zusätzlich an Stellen&nbsp;<span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \left({}^{1}\!\!/\!{}_{2}+{n}\right)\cdot \pi }">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow>
<mo>(</mo>
<mrow>
<msup>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">

</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mspace width="negativethinmathspace"></mspace>
<mspace width="negativethinmathspace"></mspace>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>/</mo>
</mrow>
<mspace width="negativethinmathspace"></mspace>
<msub>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">

</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>+</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>n</mi>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mo>)</mo>
</mrow>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<mi>π<!-- π --></mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \left({}^{1}\!\!/\!{}_{2}+{n}\right)\cdot \pi }</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/54686d6aae4b0635cc64e514e245daf48b746532.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.005ex; width:11.486ex; height:3.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \left({}^{1}\!\!/\!{}_{2}+{n}\right)\cdot \pi }" loading="lazy"></span> bzw.&nbsp;<span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {n}\cdot \pi }">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>n</mi>
</mrow>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<mi>π<!-- π --></mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {n}\cdot \pi }</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/c50ad39c30686a88f4332417449edaa4389f3ebe.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:4.406ex; height:1.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {n}\cdot \pi }" loading="lazy"></span> für alle <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle n\in \mathbb {Z} }">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>n</mi>
<mo>∈<!-- ∈ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="double-struck">Z</mi>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle n\in \mathbb {Z} }</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/3c1cf6a513f2062531d95dbb198944936f312982.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:5.786ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle n\in \mathbb {Z} }" loading="lazy"></span> ausgewertet werden müssen. Hierbei spielen höchstens fünf Punkte eine Rolle, da man als Ergebnis sofort&nbsp;<span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle [-1,1]}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mo stretchy="false">[</mo>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mn>1</mn>
<mo>,</mo>
<mn>1</mn>
<mo stretchy="false">]</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle [-1,1]}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/51e3b7f14a6f70e614728c583409a0b9a8b9de01.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:6.461ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle [-1,1]}" loading="lazy"></span> festlegen kann, wenn das Eingangsintervall mindestens eine ganze <a href="Periodische_Funktion" title="Periodische Funktion">Periode</a> enthält. Außerdem müssen Sinus und Kosinus lediglich an den Randpunken neu evaluiert werden, da die entsprechenden Werte an den kritischen Stellen – nämlich −1, 0, +1 – vorab abgespeichert werden können.
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Intervallerweiterungen_allgemeiner_Funktionen">Intervallerweiterungen allgemeiner Funktionen</h3></div>
<p>Im Allgemeinen findet man für beliebige Funktionen keine derart einfache Beschreibung des Wertebereiches. Man kann diese aber oft auf Intervalle ausdehnen.
Wenn&nbsp;<span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle f\colon \mathbb {R} ^{n}\rightarrow \mathbb {R} }">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>f</mi>
<mo>:<!-- : --></mo>
<msup>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="double-struck">R</mi>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>n</mi>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="double-struck">R</mi>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle f\colon \mathbb {R} ^{n}\rightarrow \mathbb {R} }</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/59609c9aabb59e1c45c3ca8cc97fadef7a95b83c.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:10.501ex; height:2.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle f\colon \mathbb {R} ^{n}\rightarrow \mathbb {R} }" loading="lazy"></span> eine Funktion ist, die einen reellwertigen Vektor auf eine reelle Zahl abbildet, dann nennt man&nbsp;<span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle [f]:[\mathbb {R} ]^{n}\rightarrow [\mathbb {R} ]}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mo stretchy="false">[</mo>
<mi>f</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">]</mo>
<mo>:</mo>
<mo stretchy="false">[</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="double-struck">R</mi>
</mrow>
<msup>
<mo stretchy="false">]</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>n</mi>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
<mo stretchy="false">[</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="double-struck">R</mi>
</mrow>
<mo stretchy="false">]</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle [f]:[\mathbb {R} ]^{n}\rightarrow [\mathbb {R} ]}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/6e29494791f3e640621f35de3a71f0656fed6a3c.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:15.285ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle [f]:[\mathbb {R} ]^{n}\rightarrow [\mathbb {R} ]}" loading="lazy"></span> eine <i>Intervallerweiterung</i> von&nbsp;<span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle f}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>f</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle f}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/132e57acb643253e7810ee9702d9581f159a1c61.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:1.279ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle f}" loading="lazy"></span>, wenn gilt
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle [f]([\mathbf {x} ])\supseteq \{f(\mathbf {y} )|\mathbf {y} \in [\mathbf {x} ]\}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mo stretchy="false">[</mo>
<mi>f</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">]</mo>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mo stretchy="false">[</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="bold">x</mi>
</mrow>
<mo stretchy="false">]</mo>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>⊇<!-- ⊇ --></mo>
<mo fence="false" stretchy="false">{</mo>
<mi>f</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="bold">y</mi>
</mrow>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo stretchy="false">|</mo>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="bold">y</mi>
</mrow>
<mo>∈<!-- ∈ --></mo>
<mo stretchy="false">[</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="bold">x</mi>
</mrow>
<mo stretchy="false">]</mo>
<mo fence="false" stretchy="false">}</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle [f]([\mathbf {x} ])\supseteq \{f(\mathbf {y} )|\mathbf {y} \in [\mathbf {x} ]\}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/7c6f8b706dda2b638058e3d9a7ee31022a7c4e92.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:24.612ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle [f]([\mathbf {x} ])\supseteq \{f(\mathbf {y} )|\mathbf {y} \in [\mathbf {x} ]\}}" loading="lazy"></span>.</dd></dl>
<p>Dies definiert die Intervallerweiterung nicht eindeutig. So sind beispielsweise sowohl&nbsp;<span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle [f]([x_{1},x_{2}])=[e^{x_{1}},e^{x_{2}}]}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mo stretchy="false">[</mo>
<mi>f</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">]</mo>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mo stretchy="false">[</mo>
<msub>
<mi>x</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>,</mo>
<msub>
<mi>x</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo stretchy="false">]</mo>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>=</mo>
<mo stretchy="false">[</mo>
<msup>
<mi>e</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<msub>
<mi>x</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo>,</mo>
<msup>
<mi>e</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<msub>
<mi>x</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo stretchy="false">]</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle [f]([x_{1},x_{2}])=[e^{x_{1}},e^{x_{2}}]}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/9ec9868ed84cec7efa6b71b0dc58aebd5a9970ae.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:23.078ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle [f]([x_{1},x_{2}])=[e^{x_{1}},e^{x_{2}}]}" loading="lazy"></span> als auch&nbsp;<span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle [g]([x_{1},x_{2}])=[{-\infty },{\infty }]}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mo stretchy="false">[</mo>
<mi>g</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">]</mo>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mo stretchy="false">[</mo>
<msub>
<mi>x</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>,</mo>
<msub>
<mi>x</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo stretchy="false">]</mo>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>=</mo>
<mo stretchy="false">[</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mi mathvariant="normal">∞<!-- ∞ --></mi>
</mrow>
<mo>,</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">∞<!-- ∞ --></mi>
</mrow>
<mo stretchy="false">]</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle [g]([x_{1},x_{2}])=[{-\infty },{\infty }]}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/2810a06e16744b723a839880bd3dd5c0cb7e8513.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:23.196ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle [g]([x_{1},x_{2}])=[{-\infty },{\infty }]}" loading="lazy"></span> zulässige Erweiterungen der Exponentialfunktion. Da möglichst scharfe Erweiterungen gewünscht sind, also solche, die so genau wie möglich den gesuchten Wertebereich approximieren, wird man in diesem Fall eher <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle [f]}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mo stretchy="false">[</mo>
<mi>f</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">]</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle [f]}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/7414a730e8157655ff770265ec3a03ec9f09dd54.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:2.572ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle [f]}" loading="lazy"></span> wählen, da sie sogar den exakten Bereich bestimmt.
</p><p>Die <i>natürliche Intervallerweiterung</i> erhält man, indem man in der Funktionsvorschrift&nbsp;<span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle f(x_{1},\cdots ,x_{n})}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>f</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<msub>
<mi>x</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>,</mo>
<mo>⋯<!-- ⋯ --></mo>
<mo>,</mo>
<msub>
<mi>x</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>n</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle f(x_{1},\cdots ,x_{n})}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/01a1d7e0395d706c27db6c6e0b75e65bd77a7f21.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:13.198ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle f(x_{1},\cdots ,x_{n})}" loading="lazy"></span> die Grundrechenarten und elementaren Funktionen durch ihre intervallwertigen Äquivalente ersetzt.
</p><p>Die <i><a href="Taylorreihe" title="Taylorreihe">Taylor</a>-Intervallerweiterung</i> (vom Grad <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle k}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>k</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle k}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/c3c9a2c7b599b37105512c5d570edc034056dd40.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.211ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle k}" loading="lazy"></span>) einer <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle k+1}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>k</mi>
<mo>+</mo>
<mn>1</mn>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle k+1}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/552a558062ed4c0486297b5b5531c5ee044dbd9b.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.505ex; width:5.214ex; height:2.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle k+1}" loading="lazy"></span> mal differenzierbaren Funktion <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle f}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>f</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle f}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/132e57acb643253e7810ee9702d9581f159a1c61.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:1.279ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle f}" loading="lazy"></span> ist definiert durch
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle [f]([\mathbf {x} ]):=f(\mathbf {y} )+\sum _{i=1}^{k}{\frac {1}{i!}}\mathrm {D} ^{i}f(\mathbf {y} )\cdot ([\mathbf {x} ]-\mathbf {y} )^{i}+[r]([\mathbf {x} ],[\mathbf {x} ],\mathbf {y} )}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mo stretchy="false">[</mo>
<mi>f</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">]</mo>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mo stretchy="false">[</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="bold">x</mi>
</mrow>
<mo stretchy="false">]</mo>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>:=</mo>
<mi>f</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="bold">y</mi>
</mrow>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>+</mo>
<munderover>
<mo>∑<!-- ∑ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>i</mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>k</mi>
</mrow>
</munderover>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mn>1</mn>
<mrow>
<mi>i</mi>
<mo>!</mo>
</mrow>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<msup>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">D</mi>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>i</mi>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mi>f</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="bold">y</mi>
</mrow>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mo stretchy="false">[</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="bold">x</mi>
</mrow>
<mo stretchy="false">]</mo>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="bold">y</mi>
</mrow>
<msup>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>i</mi>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo>+</mo>
<mo stretchy="false">[</mo>
<mi>r</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">]</mo>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mo stretchy="false">[</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="bold">x</mi>
</mrow>
<mo stretchy="false">]</mo>
<mo>,</mo>
<mo stretchy="false">[</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="bold">x</mi>
</mrow>
<mo stretchy="false">]</mo>
<mo>,</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="bold">y</mi>
</mrow>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle [f]([\mathbf {x} ]):=f(\mathbf {y} )+\sum _{i=1}^{k}{\frac {1}{i!}}\mathrm {D} ^{i}f(\mathbf {y} )\cdot ([\mathbf {x} ]-\mathbf {y} )^{i}+[r]([\mathbf {x} ],[\mathbf {x} ],\mathbf {y} )}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/67951fd96700f9827fa229a8f7d04c5c658c1beb.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -3.005ex; width:58.397ex; height:7.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle [f]([\mathbf {x} ]):=f(\mathbf {y} )+\sum _{i=1}^{k}{\frac {1}{i!}}\mathrm {D} ^{i}f(\mathbf {y} )\cdot ([\mathbf {x} ]-\mathbf {y} )^{i}+[r]([\mathbf {x} ],[\mathbf {x} ],\mathbf {y} )}" loading="lazy"></span>,</dd></dl>
<p>für ein&nbsp;<span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \mathbf {y} \in [\mathbf {x} ]}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="bold">y</mi>
</mrow>
<mo>∈<!-- ∈ --></mo>
<mo stretchy="false">[</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="bold">x</mi>
</mrow>
<mo stretchy="false">]</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \mathbf {y} \in [\mathbf {x} ]}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/78f1514af17ca752389b762fc65be958264c1f61.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:6.956ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \mathbf {y} \in [\mathbf {x} ]}" loading="lazy"></span>,
</p><p>wobei <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \mathrm {D} ^{i}f(\mathbf {y} )}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msup>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">D</mi>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>i</mi>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mi>f</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="bold">y</mi>
</mrow>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \mathrm {D} ^{i}f(\mathbf {y} )}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/973c05ca15c3ede34ec91b793cc6ede3f4679c58.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:7.074ex; height:3.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \mathrm {D} ^{i}f(\mathbf {y} )}" loading="lazy"></span> das <a href="Differential_(Mathematik)" title="Differential (Mathematik)">Differential</a> <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle i}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>i</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle i}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/add78d8608ad86e54951b8c8bd6c8d8416533d20.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:0.802ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle i}" loading="lazy"></span>-ter Ordnung von <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle f}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>f</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle f}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/132e57acb643253e7810ee9702d9581f159a1c61.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:1.279ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle f}" loading="lazy"></span> am Punkt <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \mathbf {y} }">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="bold">y</mi>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \mathbf {y} }</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/bb25a040b592282dc2a254c3117e792c3c81161f.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:1.411ex; height:2.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \mathbf {y} }" loading="lazy"></span> und <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle [r]}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mo stretchy="false">[</mo>
<mi>r</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">]</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle [r]}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/b2a2bcc2aac5f01558c1fdd11d9445b1a1ab2294.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:2.342ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle [r]}" loading="lazy"></span> eine Intervallerweiterung des <i>Taylorrestgliedes</i>
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle r(\mathbf {x} ,\xi ,\mathbf {y} )={\frac {1}{(k+1)!}}\mathrm {D} ^{k+1}f(\xi )\cdot (\mathbf {x} -\mathbf {y} )^{k+1}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>r</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="bold">x</mi>
</mrow>
<mo>,</mo>
<mi>ξ<!-- ξ --></mi>
<mo>,</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="bold">y</mi>
</mrow>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>=</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mn>1</mn>
<mrow>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>k</mi>
<mo>+</mo>
<mn>1</mn>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>!</mo>
</mrow>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<msup>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">D</mi>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>k</mi>
<mo>+</mo>
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mi>f</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>ξ<!-- ξ --></mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="bold">x</mi>
</mrow>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="bold">y</mi>
</mrow>
<msup>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>k</mi>
<mo>+</mo>
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle r(\mathbf {x} ,\xi ,\mathbf {y} )={\frac {1}{(k+1)!}}\mathrm {D} ^{k+1}f(\xi )\cdot (\mathbf {x} -\mathbf {y} )^{k+1}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/bf5b909437c6df2da2f14c8c018f069716716449.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.671ex; width:41.805ex; height:6.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle r(\mathbf {x} ,\xi ,\mathbf {y} )={\frac {1}{(k+1)!}}\mathrm {D} ^{k+1}f(\xi )\cdot (\mathbf {x} -\mathbf {y} )^{k+1}}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>bezeichnet.
</p>

<p>Da der Vektor&nbsp;<span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \xi }">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>ξ<!-- ξ --></mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \xi }</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/e0b461aaf61091abd5d2c808931c48b8ff9647db.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:1.03ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \xi }" loading="lazy"></span> zwischen&nbsp;<span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \mathbf {x} }">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="bold">x</mi>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \mathbf {x} }</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/32adf004df5eb0a8c7fd8c0b6b7405183c5a5ef2.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.411ex; height:1.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \mathbf {x} }" loading="lazy"></span>
und&nbsp;<span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \mathbf {y} }">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="bold">y</mi>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \mathbf {y} }</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/bb25a040b592282dc2a254c3117e792c3c81161f.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:1.411ex; height:2.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \mathbf {y} }" loading="lazy"></span> mit <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \mathbf {x} ,\mathbf {y} \in [\mathbf {x} ]}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="bold">x</mi>
</mrow>
<mo>,</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="bold">y</mi>
</mrow>
<mo>∈<!-- ∈ --></mo>
<mo stretchy="false">[</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="bold">x</mi>
</mrow>
<mo stretchy="false">]</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \mathbf {x} ,\mathbf {y} \in [\mathbf {x} ]}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/2d95b0902ecdfb59cc8c8127bb16f2fae6d33cae.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:9.401ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \mathbf {x} ,\mathbf {y} \in [\mathbf {x} ]}" loading="lazy"></span> liegt, lässt sich <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \xi }">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>ξ<!-- ξ --></mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \xi }</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/e0b461aaf61091abd5d2c808931c48b8ff9647db.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:1.03ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \xi }" loading="lazy"></span> ebenfalls durch&nbsp;<span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle [\mathbf {x} ]}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mo stretchy="false">[</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="bold">x</mi>
</mrow>
<mo stretchy="false">]</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle [\mathbf {x} ]}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/4290e7f30dee955efaed120787cce1b1b5ec6134.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:2.705ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle [\mathbf {x} ]}" loading="lazy"></span> abschätzen.
Üblicherweise wählt man für <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \mathbf {y} }">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="bold">y</mi>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \mathbf {y} }</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/bb25a040b592282dc2a254c3117e792c3c81161f.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:1.411ex; height:2.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \mathbf {y} }" loading="lazy"></span> den Mittelpunkt des Intervallvektors und die natürliche Intervallerweiterung zur Abschätzung des Restgliedes.
</p><p>Den Spezialfall der Taylor-Intervallerweiterung vom Grad <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle k=0}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>k</mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mn>0</mn>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle k=0}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/6307c8a99dad7d0bcb712352ae0a748bd99a038b.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:5.472ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle k=0}" loading="lazy"></span> bezeichnet man auch als <i><a href="Mittelwertsatz_der_Differenzialrechnung#Mittelwertsatz_für_vektorwertige_Funktionen_mehrerer_Veränderlicher" class="mw-redirect" title="Mittelwertsatz der Differenzialrechnung">Mittelwert</a></i>-Intervallerweiterung. Für eine Intervallerweiterung der <a href="Jacobi-Matrix" title="Jacobi-Matrix">Jacobi-Matrix</a> <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle [J_{f}](\mathbf {[x]} )}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mo stretchy="false">[</mo>
<msub>
<mi>J</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>f</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo stretchy="false">]</mo>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo mathvariant="bold" stretchy="false">[</mo>
<mi mathvariant="bold">x</mi>
<mo mathvariant="bold" stretchy="false">]</mo>
</mrow>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle [J_{f}](\mathbf {[x]} )}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/dbf2d8fa470858332ab32a12c0602b6abd24f22f.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.005ex; width:8.425ex; height:3.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle [J_{f}](\mathbf {[x]} )}" loading="lazy"></span>
erhält man hier
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle [f]([\mathbf {x} ]):=f(\mathbf {y} )+[J_{f}](\mathbf {[x]} )\cdot ([\mathbf {x} ]-\mathbf {y} )}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mo stretchy="false">[</mo>
<mi>f</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">]</mo>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mo stretchy="false">[</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="bold">x</mi>
</mrow>
<mo stretchy="false">]</mo>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>:=</mo>
<mi>f</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="bold">y</mi>
</mrow>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>+</mo>
<mo stretchy="false">[</mo>
<msub>
<mi>J</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>f</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo stretchy="false">]</mo>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo mathvariant="bold" stretchy="false">[</mo>
<mi mathvariant="bold">x</mi>
<mo mathvariant="bold" stretchy="false">]</mo>
</mrow>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mo stretchy="false">[</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="bold">x</mi>
</mrow>
<mo stretchy="false">]</mo>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="bold">y</mi>
</mrow>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle [f]([\mathbf {x} ]):=f(\mathbf {y} )+[J_{f}](\mathbf {[x]} )\cdot ([\mathbf {x} ]-\mathbf {y} )}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/88b7e2ba771e6bf62d2ba03ebaf84bec008746dd.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.005ex; width:37.04ex; height:3.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle [f]([\mathbf {x} ]):=f(\mathbf {y} )+[J_{f}](\mathbf {[x]} )\cdot ([\mathbf {x} ]-\mathbf {y} )}" loading="lazy"></span>.</dd></dl>
<p>Eine nichtlineare Funktion kann so durch lineare Funktionen eingegrenzt werden.
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Intervallverfahren">Intervallverfahren</h2></div>
<p>Die Methoden der klassischen <a href="Numerik" class="mw-redirect" title="Numerik">Numerik</a> können nicht direkt für die Intervallarithmetik umgesetzt werden, da hierbei Abhängigkeiten meist nicht berücksichtigt werden.
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Gerundete_Intervallarithmetik">Gerundete Intervallarithmetik</h3></div>

<p>Um effizient mit Intervallen rechnen zu können, muss eine konkrete Implementierung kompatibel zum Rechnen mit <a href="Gleitkommazahl" title="Gleitkommazahl">Gleitkommazahlen</a> sein. Die oben definierten Operationen basieren auf exakter Arithmetik, die bei schnellen numerischen Lösungsverfahren nicht zur Verfügung steht. Der Wertebereich der Funktion <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle f(x,y)=x+y}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>f</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>x</mi>
<mo>,</mo>
<mi>y</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>=</mo>
<mi>x</mi>
<mo>+</mo>
<mi>y</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle f(x,y)=x+y}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/b56416bef45cdf8f146d331dbea5872fa1ed4acb.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:15.031ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle f(x,y)=x+y}" loading="lazy"></span>
für <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle x\in [0{,}1;0{,}8]}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>x</mi>
<mo>∈<!-- ∈ --></mo>
<mo stretchy="false">[</mo>
<mn>0</mn>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>,</mo>
</mrow>
<mn>1</mn>
<mo>;</mo>
<mn>0</mn>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>,</mo>
</mrow>
<mn>8</mn>
<mo stretchy="false">]</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle x\in [0{,}1;0{,}8]}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/ddcb36cf3fe5fc806c01bcb648cf9b968c2fb06d.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:12.441ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle x\in [0{,}1;0{,}8]}" loading="lazy"></span> und <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle y\in [0{,}06;0{,}08]}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>y</mi>
<mo>∈<!-- ∈ --></mo>
<mo stretchy="false">[</mo>
<mn>0</mn>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>,</mo>
</mrow>
<mn>06</mn>
<mo>;</mo>
<mn>0</mn>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>,</mo>
</mrow>
<mn>08</mn>
<mo stretchy="false">]</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle y\in [0{,}06;0{,}08]}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/e07830f29772f972bfc4e17cd6a348a7146be3f3.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:14.592ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle y\in [0{,}06;0{,}08]}" loading="lazy"></span> wäre beispielsweise <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle [0{,}16;0{,}88]}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mo stretchy="false">[</mo>
<mn>0</mn>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>,</mo>
</mrow>
<mn>16</mn>
<mo>;</mo>
<mn>0</mn>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>,</mo>
</mrow>
<mn>88</mn>
<mo stretchy="false">]</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle [0{,}16;0{,}88]}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/d2df21c8e32665e95846410590156ff2b7a963d5.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:10.596ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle [0{,}16;0{,}88]}" loading="lazy"></span>. Führt man die gleiche Rechnung mit einstelliger Präzision durch, so würde das Ergebnis üblicherweise zu <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle [0{,}2;0{,}9]}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mo stretchy="false">[</mo>
<mn>0</mn>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>,</mo>
</mrow>
<mn>2</mn>
<mo>;</mo>
<mn>0</mn>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>,</mo>
</mrow>
<mn>9</mn>
<mo stretchy="false">]</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle [0{,}2;0{,}9]}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/118da4151afe5cb790922a2d89061078d4049edf.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:8.271ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle [0{,}2;0{,}9]}" loading="lazy"></span> gerundet. Da aber <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle [0{,}2;0{,}9]\not \supseteq [0{,}16;0{,}88]}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mo stretchy="false">[</mo>
<mn>0</mn>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>,</mo>
</mrow>
<mn>2</mn>
<mo>;</mo>
<mn>0</mn>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>,</mo>
</mrow>
<mn>9</mn>
<mo stretchy="false">]</mo>
<mo>⊉</mo>
<mo stretchy="false">[</mo>
<mn>0</mn>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>,</mo>
</mrow>
<mn>16</mn>
<mo>;</mo>
<mn>0</mn>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>,</mo>
</mrow>
<mn>88</mn>
<mo stretchy="false">]</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle [0{,}2;0{,}9]\not \supseteq [0{,}16;0{,}88]}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/fb0bbf1249d1c935861cb8b9ea9604c3dbd68579.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.005ex; width:21.966ex; height:3.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle [0{,}2;0{,}9]\not \supseteq [0{,}16;0{,}88]}" loading="lazy"></span>
würde dieser Ansatz den Grundprinzipien der Intervallarithmetik widersprechen, da ein Teil des Wertebereiches von <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle f([0{,}1;0{,}8],[0{,}06;0{,}08])}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>f</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mo stretchy="false">[</mo>
<mn>0</mn>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>,</mo>
</mrow>
<mn>1</mn>
<mo>;</mo>
<mn>0</mn>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>,</mo>
</mrow>
<mn>8</mn>
<mo stretchy="false">]</mo>
<mo>,</mo>
<mo stretchy="false">[</mo>
<mn>0</mn>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>,</mo>
</mrow>
<mn>06</mn>
<mo>;</mo>
<mn>0</mn>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>,</mo>
</mrow>
<mn>08</mn>
<mo stretchy="false">]</mo>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle f([0{,}1;0{,}8],[0{,}06;0{,}08])}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/b6d1adb5b72000d2e012b1ae31605727de2ea523.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:22.989ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle f([0{,}1;0{,}8],[0{,}06;0{,}08])}" loading="lazy"></span> verloren geht.
Stattdessen ist hier die <i>nach außen gerundete</i> Lösung <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle [0{,}1;0{,}9]}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mo stretchy="false">[</mo>
<mn>0</mn>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>,</mo>
</mrow>
<mn>1</mn>
<mo>;</mo>
<mn>0</mn>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>,</mo>
</mrow>
<mn>9</mn>
<mo stretchy="false">]</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle [0{,}1;0{,}9]}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/39da9ddeaffd768f08913188981e169402f17b29.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:8.271ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle [0{,}1;0{,}9]}" loading="lazy"></span> vorzuziehen.
</p><p>Die Norm <a href="IEEE_754" title="IEEE 754">IEEE 754</a> definiert neben Standarddarstellungen binärer Gleitkommazahlen auch genaue Verfahren für die Durchführung von Rundungen. Demnach muss ein zu IEEE 754 konformes System dem Programmierer neben dem <i>mathematischen</i> Runden (zur nächsten Gleitkommazahl) noch weitere Rundungsmodi bereitstellen: <i>immer aufrunden</i>, <i>immer abrunden</i> und Rundung gegen 0 (Ergebnis betragsmäßig verkleinern).
</p><p>Das benötigte <i>nach außen Runden</i> lässt sich also durch entsprechendes Umschalten der Rundungseinstellungen des <a href="Hauptprozessor" class="mw-redirect" title="Hauptprozessor">Prozessors</a> beim Berechnen von oberer und unterer Grenze bewerkstelligen. Alternativ kann dies durch Hinzuaddition eines geeigneten schmalen Intervalls <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle [\varepsilon _{1},\varepsilon _{2}]}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mo stretchy="false">[</mo>
<msub>
<mi>ε<!-- ε --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>,</mo>
<msub>
<mi>ε<!-- ε --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo stretchy="false">]</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle [\varepsilon _{1},\varepsilon _{2}]}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/fa4b406e59070d5f209fc7ff7926287216306872.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:6.603ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle [\varepsilon _{1},\varepsilon _{2}]}" loading="lazy"></span> erreicht werden.
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Abhängigkeitsproblem_und_Einhüllungseffekt"><span id="Abh.C3.A4ngigkeitsproblem_und_Einh.C3.BCllungseffekt"></span>Abhängigkeitsproblem und Einhüllungseffekt</h3></div>

<p>Das sogenannte <i>Abhängigkeitsproblem</i> ist ein Haupthindernis bei der Anwendung der Intervallarithmetik. Obwohl der Wertebereich der elementaren arithmetischen Operationen und Funktionen mit Intervallmethoden sehr genau bestimmt werden kann, gilt dies nicht mehr für zusammengesetzte Funktionen. Falls ein intervallwertiger Parameter mehrfach in einer Rechnung auftritt, wird jedes Auftreten unabhängig voneinander behandelt. Dies führt zu einer ungewollten Aufblähung der resultierenden Intervalle.
</p>

<p>Zur Illustration sei eine Funktion <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle f}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>f</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle f}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/132e57acb643253e7810ee9702d9581f159a1c61.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:1.279ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle f}" loading="lazy"></span> durch den Ausdruck
<span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle f(x)=x^{2}+x}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>f</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>x</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>=</mo>
<msup>
<mi>x</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo>+</mo>
<mi>x</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle f(x)=x^{2}+x}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/70ff05732bd62313a5f865772a2a0e150ba31503.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:14.07ex; height:3.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle f(x)=x^{2}+x}" loading="lazy"></span> gegeben. Der Wertebereich dieser Funktion über dem Intervall <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle [-1,1]}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mo stretchy="false">[</mo>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mn>1</mn>
<mo>,</mo>
<mn>1</mn>
<mo stretchy="false">]</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle [-1,1]}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/51e3b7f14a6f70e614728c583409a0b9a8b9de01.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:6.461ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle [-1,1]}" loading="lazy"></span> beträgt eigentlich <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle [-1/4,2]}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mo stretchy="false">[</mo>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mn>1</mn>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>/</mo>
</mrow>
<mn>4</mn>
<mo>,</mo>
<mn>2</mn>
<mo stretchy="false">]</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle [-1/4,2]}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/2d01203b7aaf09237eea8cece2a0d16b7a5be1b4.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:8.786ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle [-1/4,2]}" loading="lazy"></span>. Um die natürliche Intervallerweiterung zu erhalten, rechnet man aber <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle [-1,1]^{2}+[-1,1]=[0,1]+[-1,1]=[-1,2]}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mo stretchy="false">[</mo>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mn>1</mn>
<mo>,</mo>
<mn>1</mn>
<msup>
<mo stretchy="false">]</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo>+</mo>
<mo stretchy="false">[</mo>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mn>1</mn>
<mo>,</mo>
<mn>1</mn>
<mo stretchy="false">]</mo>
<mo>=</mo>
<mo stretchy="false">[</mo>
<mn>0</mn>
<mo>,</mo>
<mn>1</mn>
<mo stretchy="false">]</mo>
<mo>+</mo>
<mo stretchy="false">[</mo>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mn>1</mn>
<mo>,</mo>
<mn>1</mn>
<mo stretchy="false">]</mo>
<mo>=</mo>
<mo stretchy="false">[</mo>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mn>1</mn>
<mo>,</mo>
<mn>2</mn>
<mo stretchy="false">]</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle [-1,1]^{2}+[-1,1]=[0,1]+[-1,1]=[-1,2]}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/ee9f9490dcb1ac6a9381831a291727f2197a8e5b.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:43.427ex; height:3.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle [-1,1]^{2}+[-1,1]=[0,1]+[-1,1]=[-1,2]}" loading="lazy"></span>, was einen etwas größeren Bereich ergibt. In der Tat berechnet man eigentlich Infimum und Supremum der Funktion <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle h(x,y)=x^{2}+y}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>h</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>x</mi>
<mo>,</mo>
<mi>y</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>=</mo>
<msup>
<mi>x</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo>+</mo>
<mi>y</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle h(x,y)=x^{2}+y}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/eb07214f7acf1e73b642fd713478189cbbb9ee9d.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:16.146ex; height:3.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle h(x,y)=x^{2}+y}" loading="lazy"></span> über <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle x,y\in [-1,1]}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>x</mi>
<mo>,</mo>
<mi>y</mi>
<mo>∈<!-- ∈ --></mo>
<mo stretchy="false">[</mo>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mn>1</mn>
<mo>,</mo>
<mn>1</mn>
<mo stretchy="false">]</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle x,y\in [-1,1]}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/13faa075d748e954c1a0680a91bda175824585f3.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:12.82ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle x,y\in [-1,1]}" loading="lazy"></span>.
Hier würde man also besser eine alternative Formulierung für <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle f}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>f</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle f}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/132e57acb643253e7810ee9702d9581f159a1c61.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:1.279ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle f}" loading="lazy"></span> verwenden, die die Variable <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle x}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>x</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle x}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/87f9e315fd7e2ba406057a97300593c4802b53e4.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.33ex; height:1.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle x}" loading="lazy"></span> nur einmal verwendet. In diesem Fall kann man den Ausdruck <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle f(x)=x^{2}+x}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>f</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>x</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>=</mo>
<msup>
<mi>x</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo>+</mo>
<mi>x</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle f(x)=x^{2}+x}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/70ff05732bd62313a5f865772a2a0e150ba31503.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:14.07ex; height:3.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle f(x)=x^{2}+x}" loading="lazy"></span> einfach durch <a href="Quadratische_Erg%C3%A4nzung" title="Quadratische Ergänzung">quadratische Ergänzung</a> zu
<span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle f(x)=\left(x+{\frac {1}{2}}\right)^{2}-{\frac {1}{4}}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>f</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>x</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>=</mo>
<msup>
<mrow>
<mo>(</mo>
<mrow>
<mi>x</mi>
<mo>+</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mn>1</mn>
<mn>2</mn>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mo>)</mo>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mn>1</mn>
<mn>4</mn>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle f(x)=\left(x+{\frac {1}{2}}\right)^{2}-{\frac {1}{4}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/0f829560b6d84d947c2761658d977655e5a36201.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.505ex; width:22.999ex; height:6.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle f(x)=\left(x+{\frac {1}{2}}\right)^{2}-{\frac {1}{4}}}" loading="lazy"></span> umformen.
</p><p>Dann liefert die entsprechende Intervallrechnung
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \left([-1,1]+{\frac {1}{2}}\right)^{2}-{\frac {1}{4}}=\left[-{\frac {1}{2}},{\frac {3}{2}}\right]^{2}-{\frac {1}{4}}=\left[0,{\frac {9}{4}}\right]-{\frac {1}{4}}=\left[-{\frac {1}{4}},2\right]}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msup>
<mrow>
<mo>(</mo>
<mrow>
<mo stretchy="false">[</mo>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mn>1</mn>
<mo>,</mo>
<mn>1</mn>
<mo stretchy="false">]</mo>
<mo>+</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mn>1</mn>
<mn>2</mn>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mo>)</mo>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mn>1</mn>
<mn>4</mn>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<mo>=</mo>
<msup>
<mrow>
<mo>[</mo>
<mrow>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mn>1</mn>
<mn>2</mn>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<mo>,</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mn>3</mn>
<mn>2</mn>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mo>]</mo>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mn>1</mn>
<mn>4</mn>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<mo>=</mo>
<mrow>
<mo>[</mo>
<mrow>
<mn>0</mn>
<mo>,</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mn>9</mn>
<mn>4</mn>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mo>]</mo>
</mrow>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mn>1</mn>
<mn>4</mn>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<mo>=</mo>
<mrow>
<mo>[</mo>
<mrow>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mn>1</mn>
<mn>4</mn>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<mo>,</mo>
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
<mo>]</mo>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \left([-1,1]+{\frac {1}{2}}\right)^{2}-{\frac {1}{4}}=\left[-{\frac {1}{2}},{\frac {3}{2}}\right]^{2}-{\frac {1}{4}}=\left[0,{\frac {9}{4}}\right]-{\frac {1}{4}}=\left[-{\frac {1}{4}},2\right]}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/707b219564c10f6be71e82c3ee8def7719d79ec2.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.505ex; width:65.044ex; height:6.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \left([-1,1]+{\frac {1}{2}}\right)^{2}-{\frac {1}{4}}=\left[-{\frac {1}{2}},{\frac {3}{2}}\right]^{2}-{\frac {1}{4}}=\left[0,{\frac {9}{4}}\right]-{\frac {1}{4}}=\left[-{\frac {1}{4}},2\right]}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>auch den richtigen Wertebereich.
</p><p>Im Allgemeinen lässt sich zeigen, dass man tatsächlich den genauen Wertebereich erhält, wenn jede Variable nur einmal auftaucht. Allerdings lässt sich nicht jede Funktion geeignet auflösen.
</p>

<p>Die durch das Abhängigkeitsproblem verursachte <i>Überschätzung</i> des Wertebereiches kann so weit gehen, dass das Resultat einen derart großen Bereich umfasst, der keine sinnvollen Schlüsse mehr zulässt.
</p><p>Eine zusätzliche Vergrößerung des Wertebereichs ergibt sich aus dem Einhüllen von Bereichen, die nicht die Form eines Intervallvektors haben. Die <a href="L%C3%B6sungsmenge" title="Lösungsmenge">Lösungsmenge</a> des linearen Systems
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\begin{matrix}x&amp;=&amp;y\\x&amp;=&amp;p\end{matrix}}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mtable rowspacing="4pt" columnspacing="1em">
<mtr>
<mtd>
<mi>x</mi>
</mtd>
<mtd>
<mo>=</mo>
</mtd>
<mtd>
<mi>y</mi>
</mtd>
</mtr>
<mtr>
<mtd>
<mi>x</mi>
</mtd>
<mtd>
<mo>=</mo>
</mtd>
<mtd>
<mi>p</mi>
</mtd>
</mtr>
</mtable>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\begin{matrix}x&amp;=&amp;y\\x&amp;=&amp;p\end{matrix}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/03412a2d5eeb4f69ee1b7a32e34d133d554bc871.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.505ex; width:9.704ex; height:6.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\begin{matrix}x&amp;=&amp;y\\x&amp;=&amp;p\end{matrix}}}" loading="lazy"></span> für <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle p\in [-1,1]}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>p</mi>
<mo>∈<!-- ∈ --></mo>
<mo stretchy="false">[</mo>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mn>1</mn>
<mo>,</mo>
<mn>1</mn>
<mo stretchy="false">]</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle p\in [-1,1]}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/54713968e4fdca9879c1202d26b07a5db92a1f4d.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; margin-left: -0.089ex; width:10.56ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle p\in [-1,1]}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>ist genau die Strecke zwischen den Punkten <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle (-1,-1)}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mn>1</mn>
<mo>,</mo>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mn>1</mn>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle (-1,-1)}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/c96b373a30a5cd3f87bba41b65da5fb522ea58a9.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:8.784ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle (-1,-1)}" loading="lazy"></span> und <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle (1,1)}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mn>1</mn>
<mo>,</mo>
<mn>1</mn>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle (1,1)}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/2c2a42feb07f4139bf871ae6856b11d4567bea23.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:5.168ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle (1,1)}" loading="lazy"></span>.
Intervallmethoden liefern hier aber im besten Fall das Quadrat <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle [-1,1]\times [-1,1]}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mo stretchy="false">[</mo>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mn>1</mn>
<mo>,</mo>
<mn>1</mn>
<mo stretchy="false">]</mo>
<mo>×<!-- × --></mo>
<mo stretchy="false">[</mo>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mn>1</mn>
<mo>,</mo>
<mn>1</mn>
<mo stretchy="false">]</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle [-1,1]\times [-1,1]}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/3173aa20053cede4df692655215123f50b676934.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:15.762ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle [-1,1]\times [-1,1]}" loading="lazy"></span>, das die tatsächliche Lösung einhüllt (<i>Einhüllungs- oder „Wrapping“-Effekt</i>).
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Lineare_Intervallsysteme">Lineare Intervallsysteme</h3></div>
<p>Ein <b>lineares Intervallsystem</b> besteht aus einer intervallwertigen Matrix <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle [\mathbf {A} ]\in [\mathbb {R} ]^{n\times m}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mo stretchy="false">[</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="bold">A</mi>
</mrow>
<mo stretchy="false">]</mo>
<mo>∈<!-- ∈ --></mo>
<mo stretchy="false">[</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="double-struck">R</mi>
</mrow>
<msup>
<mo stretchy="false">]</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>n</mi>
<mo>×<!-- × --></mo>
<mi>m</mi>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle [\mathbf {A} ]\in [\mathbb {R} ]^{n\times m}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/0fd9a7802bec756cf25e290e8d51c9d8c757b56c.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:13.065ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle [\mathbf {A} ]\in [\mathbb {R} ]^{n\times m}}" loading="lazy"></span> und einem Intervallvektor <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle [\mathbf {b} ]\in [\mathbb {R} ]^{n}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mo stretchy="false">[</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="bold">b</mi>
</mrow>
<mo stretchy="false">]</mo>
<mo>∈<!-- ∈ --></mo>
<mo stretchy="false">[</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="double-struck">R</mi>
</mrow>
<msup>
<mo stretchy="false">]</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>n</mi>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle [\mathbf {b} ]\in [\mathbb {R} ]^{n}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/6759151da280e79f3bc9b0608bfd5009b666b475.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:9.81ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle [\mathbf {b} ]\in [\mathbb {R} ]^{n}}" loading="lazy"></span>. Gesucht ist dann eine möglichst schmale Box <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle [\mathbf {x} ]\in [\mathbb {R} ]^{m}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mo stretchy="false">[</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
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</mrow>
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<mo>∈<!-- ∈ --></mo>
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<msup>
<mo stretchy="false">]</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>m</mi>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle [\mathbf {x} ]\in [\mathbb {R} ]^{m}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/a3c4763a20d2cb78d6d38ba20bb2d1e2416da7e8.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:10.192ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle [\mathbf {x} ]\in [\mathbb {R} ]^{m}}" loading="lazy"></span>, die alle Vektoren
<span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \mathbf {x} \in \mathbb {R} ^{m}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="bold">x</mi>
</mrow>
<mo>∈<!-- ∈ --></mo>
<msup>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="double-struck">R</mi>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>m</mi>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \mathbf {x} \in \mathbb {R} ^{m}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/8e1f489f4476732d6f53fd148426b54be7dd1557.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:7.605ex; height:2.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \mathbf {x} \in \mathbb {R} ^{m}}" loading="lazy"></span> enthält, für die es ein Paar <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle (\mathbf {A} ,\mathbf {b} )}">
<semantics>
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<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle (\mathbf {A} ,\mathbf {b} )}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/c2a28777bed2344384b7e285d4f972a3702bc310.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:6.348ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle (\mathbf {A} ,\mathbf {b} )}" loading="lazy"></span> mit <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \mathbf {A} \in [\mathbf {A} ]}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
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<mi mathvariant="bold">A</mi>
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<mo stretchy="false">[</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="bold">A</mi>
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</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \mathbf {A} \in [\mathbf {A} ]}</annotation>
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</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/20c6195d85a39ebfc0d8e1043eda9bac4c61e6c5.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:8.173ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \mathbf {A} \in [\mathbf {A} ]}" loading="lazy"></span> und <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \mathbf {b} \in [\mathbf {b} ]}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="bold">b</mi>
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<mo>∈<!-- ∈ --></mo>
<mo stretchy="false">[</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="bold">b</mi>
</mrow>
<mo stretchy="false">]</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \mathbf {b} \in [\mathbf {b} ]}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/057e935649144aaec6d5cf58f2f384aaba05a560.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:7.105ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \mathbf {b} \in [\mathbf {b} ]}" loading="lazy"></span> gibt, das die Gleichung
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \mathbf {A} \cdot \mathbf {x} =\mathbf {b} }">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="bold">A</mi>
</mrow>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="bold">x</mi>
</mrow>
<mo>=</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="bold">b</mi>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \mathbf {A} \cdot \mathbf {x} =\mathbf {b} }</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/bfb59a2d177e94b723600379fca2eca4fa489d54.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:9.693ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \mathbf {A} \cdot \mathbf {x} =\mathbf {b} }" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>erfüllt.
</p><p>Für quadratische Systeme – also für <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle n=m}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>n</mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mi>m</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle n=m}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/480d6131c6cb07a90f4ec18a376a59fab884b860.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:6.534ex; height:1.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle n=m}" loading="lazy"></span> – lässt sich ein solcher Intervallvektor <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle [\mathbf {x} ]}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mo stretchy="false">[</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="bold">x</mi>
</mrow>
<mo stretchy="false">]</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle [\mathbf {x} ]}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/4290e7f30dee955efaed120787cce1b1b5ec6134.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:2.705ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle [\mathbf {x} ]}" loading="lazy"></span>, der alle möglichen Lösungen enthält, sehr einfach mit dem <i>Intervall-Gauß-Verfahren</i> bestimmen. Hierfür ersetzt man die numerischen Operationen, die bei dem aus der <a href="Lineare_Algebra" title="Lineare Algebra">linearen Algebra</a> bekannten <a href="Gau%C3%9Fsches_Eliminationsverfahren" title="Gaußsches Eliminationsverfahren">gaußschen Eliminationsverfahren</a> auftauchen, durch ihre Intervallversionen. Da allerdings während der Abarbeitung dieser Methode die intervallwertigen Einträge von <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle [\mathbf {A} ]}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mo stretchy="false">[</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="bold">A</mi>
</mrow>
<mo stretchy="false">]</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle [\mathbf {A} ]}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/b49ad1a437f811c6dea6f5a1306c3e443b1b6ef4.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:3.313ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle [\mathbf {A} ]}" loading="lazy"></span> und <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle [\mathbf {b} ]}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mo stretchy="false">[</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="bold">b</mi>
</mrow>
<mo stretchy="false">]</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle [\mathbf {b} ]}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/8527cfd3a1b27a3761a39fceeb204d1bf640f5b6.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:2.779ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle [\mathbf {b} ]}" loading="lazy"></span> mehrfach in die Rechnung eingehen, leidet dieser Ansatz sehr stark an dem Abhängigkeitsproblem. Folglich bietet sich der Intervall-Gauß nur für grobe erste Abschätzungen an, die zwar die gesamte Lösungsmenge enthalten, aber auch einen sehr großen Bereich außerhalb davon.
</p><p>Eine grobe Lösung <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle [\mathbf {x} ]}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mo stretchy="false">[</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="bold">x</mi>
</mrow>
<mo stretchy="false">]</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle [\mathbf {x} ]}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/4290e7f30dee955efaed120787cce1b1b5ec6134.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:2.705ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle [\mathbf {x} ]}" loading="lazy"></span> kann oft durch eine Intervallisierung des <i><a href="Gau%C3%9F-Seidel-Verfahren" title="Gauß-Seidel-Verfahren">Gauß-Seidel-Verfahrens</a></i> verbessert werden.
Diese ist folgendermaßen motiviert:
Die <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle i}">
<semantics>
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</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/add78d8608ad86e54951b8c8bd6c8d8416533d20.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:0.802ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle i}" loading="lazy"></span>-te Zeile der intervallwertigen linearen Gleichung
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\begin{pmatrix}{[a_{11}]}&amp;\cdots &amp;{[a_{1n}]}\\\vdots &amp;\ddots &amp;\vdots \\{[a_{n1}]}&amp;\cdots &amp;{[a_{nn}]}\end{pmatrix}}\cdot {\begin{pmatrix}{x_{1}}\\\vdots \\{x_{n}}\end{pmatrix}}={\begin{pmatrix}{[b_{1}]}\\\vdots \\{[b_{n}]}\end{pmatrix}}}">
<semantics>
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<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\begin{pmatrix}{[a_{11}]}&amp;\cdots &amp;{[a_{1n}]}\\\vdots &amp;\ddots &amp;\vdots \\{[a_{n1}]}&amp;\cdots &amp;{[a_{nn}]}\end{pmatrix}}\cdot {\begin{pmatrix}{x_{1}}\\\vdots \\{x_{n}}\end{pmatrix}}={\begin{pmatrix}{[b_{1}]}\\\vdots \\{[b_{n}]}\end{pmatrix}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/74653a3f4b98c4aa7817f99be2b0ab744317ca5b.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -5.005ex; width:42.206ex; height:11.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\begin{pmatrix}{[a_{11}]}&amp;\cdots &amp;{[a_{1n}]}\\\vdots &amp;\ddots &amp;\vdots \\{[a_{n1}]}&amp;\cdots &amp;{[a_{nn}]}\end{pmatrix}}\cdot {\begin{pmatrix}{x_{1}}\\\vdots \\{x_{n}}\end{pmatrix}}={\begin{pmatrix}{[b_{1}]}\\\vdots \\{[b_{n}]}\end{pmatrix}}}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>lässt sich nach der Variablen <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle x_{i}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>x</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>i</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle x_{i}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/e87000dd6142b81d041896a30fe58f0c3acb2158.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:2.129ex; height:2.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle x_{i}}" loading="lazy"></span> auflösen, falls die Division
<span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle 1/[a_{ii}]}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mn>1</mn>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>/</mo>
</mrow>
<mo stretchy="false">[</mo>
<msub>
<mi>a</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>i</mi>
<mi>i</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo stretchy="false">]</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle 1/[a_{ii}]}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/9a177c0f27440b1a1250863b6c1fedd5108875f9.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:6.216ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle 1/[a_{ii}]}" loading="lazy"></span> erlaubt ist. Es gilt demnach gleichzeitig
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle x_{j}\in [x_{j}]}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>x</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>j</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>∈<!-- ∈ --></mo>
<mo stretchy="false">[</mo>
<msub>
<mi>x</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>j</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo stretchy="false">]</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle x_{j}\in [x_{j}]}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/12883b98919289aade5cadf2c7fe26628d32124e.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.005ex; width:8.613ex; height:3.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle x_{j}\in [x_{j}]}" loading="lazy"></span> <b>und</b> <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle x_{j}\in {\frac {[b_{i}]-\sum \limits _{k\not =j}[a_{ik}]\cdot [x_{k}]}{[a_{ij}]}}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>x</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>j</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>∈<!-- ∈ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mrow>
<mo stretchy="false">[</mo>
<msub>
<mi>b</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>i</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo stretchy="false">]</mo>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<munder>
<mo movablelimits="false">∑<!-- ∑ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>k</mi>
<mo>≠</mo>
<mi>j</mi>
</mrow>
</munder>
<mo stretchy="false">[</mo>
<msub>
<mi>a</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>i</mi>
<mi>k</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo stretchy="false">]</mo>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<mo stretchy="false">[</mo>
<msub>
<mi>x</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>k</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo stretchy="false">]</mo>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mo stretchy="false">[</mo>
<msub>
<mi>a</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>i</mi>
<mi>j</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo stretchy="false">]</mo>
</mrow>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle x_{j}\in {\frac {[b_{i}]-\sum \limits _{k\not =j}[a_{ik}]\cdot [x_{k}]}{[a_{ij}]}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/100286146d94f28760581424714d7cebd3a035ca.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.671ex; width:24.231ex; height:8.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle x_{j}\in {\frac {[b_{i}]-\sum \limits _{k\not =j}[a_{ik}]\cdot [x_{k}]}{[a_{ij}]}}}" loading="lazy"></span>.</dd></dl>
<p>Man kann also nun <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle [x_{j}]}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mo stretchy="false">[</mo>
<msub>
<mi>x</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>j</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo stretchy="false">]</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle [x_{j}]}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/9f3143be604648de9152dd93e3d409c9ff3a728d.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.005ex; width:3.533ex; height:3.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle [x_{j}]}" loading="lazy"></span> durch
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle [x_{j}]\cap {\frac {[b_{i}]-\sum \limits _{k\not =j}[a_{ik}]\cdot [x_{k}]}{[a_{ij}]}}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mo stretchy="false">[</mo>
<msub>
<mi>x</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>j</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo stretchy="false">]</mo>
<mo>∩<!-- ∩ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mrow>
<mo stretchy="false">[</mo>
<msub>
<mi>b</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>i</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo stretchy="false">]</mo>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<munder>
<mo movablelimits="false">∑<!-- ∑ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>k</mi>
<mo>≠</mo>
<mi>j</mi>
</mrow>
</munder>
<mo stretchy="false">[</mo>
<msub>
<mi>a</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>i</mi>
<mi>k</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo stretchy="false">]</mo>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<mo stretchy="false">[</mo>
<msub>
<mi>x</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>k</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo stretchy="false">]</mo>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mo stretchy="false">[</mo>
<msub>
<mi>a</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>i</mi>
<mi>j</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo stretchy="false">]</mo>
</mrow>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle [x_{j}]\cap {\frac {[b_{i}]-\sum \limits _{k\not =j}[a_{ik}]\cdot [x_{k}]}{[a_{ij}]}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/86e875cd43954034e444af1dd9cfcab0434e7606.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.671ex; width:25.266ex; height:8.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle [x_{j}]\cap {\frac {[b_{i}]-\sum \limits _{k\not =j}[a_{ik}]\cdot [x_{k}]}{[a_{ij}]}}}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>ersetzen, und so den Vektor <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle [\mathbf {x} ]}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mo stretchy="false">[</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="bold">x</mi>
</mrow>
<mo stretchy="false">]</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle [\mathbf {x} ]}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/4290e7f30dee955efaed120787cce1b1b5ec6134.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:2.705ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle [\mathbf {x} ]}" loading="lazy"></span> elementweise verbessern.
Da das Verfahren effizienter für <a href="Diagonaldominanz" class="mw-redirect" title="Diagonaldominanz">diagonaldominante</a> Matrizen ist, versucht man oft statt des Systems <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle [\mathbf {A} ]\cdot \mathbf {x} =[\mathbf {b} ]{\text{,}}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mo stretchy="false">[</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="bold">A</mi>
</mrow>
<mo stretchy="false">]</mo>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="bold">x</mi>
</mrow>
<mo>=</mo>
<mo stretchy="false">[</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="bold">b</mi>
</mrow>
<mo stretchy="false">]</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mtext>,</mtext>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle [\mathbf {A} ]\cdot \mathbf {x} =[\mathbf {b} ]{\text{,}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/fa4efa6088a7d5954d6fa339a49d57b36fda100d.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:12.928ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle [\mathbf {A} ]\cdot \mathbf {x} =[\mathbf {b} ]{\text{,}}}" loading="lazy"></span> die durch Multiplikation mit einer geeigneten reellen Matrix <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \mathbf {M} }">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="bold">M</mi>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \mathbf {M} }</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/e499ae5946af9c09777ada933051b3669d3372c2.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:2.537ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \mathbf {M} }" loading="lazy"></span> entstandene Matrixgleichung
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle (\mathbf {M} \cdot [\mathbf {A} ])\cdot \mathbf {x} =\mathbf {M} \cdot [\mathbf {b} ]}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="bold">M</mi>
</mrow>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<mo stretchy="false">[</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="bold">A</mi>
</mrow>
<mo stretchy="false">]</mo>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="bold">x</mi>
</mrow>
<mo>=</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="bold">M</mi>
</mrow>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<mo stretchy="false">[</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="bold">b</mi>
</mrow>
<mo stretchy="false">]</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle (\mathbf {M} \cdot [\mathbf {A} ])\cdot \mathbf {x} =\mathbf {M} \cdot [\mathbf {b} ]}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/a95c32fdd88f4f3751eb859a0939ac4e6bfb578f.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:22.523ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle (\mathbf {M} \cdot [\mathbf {A} ])\cdot \mathbf {x} =\mathbf {M} \cdot [\mathbf {b} ]}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>zu lösen. Wählt man beispielsweise <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \mathbf {M} =\mathbf {A} ^{-1}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="bold">M</mi>
</mrow>
<mo>=</mo>
<msup>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="bold">A</mi>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \mathbf {M} =\mathbf {A} ^{-1}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/441af000a80bd16126726bc008ffafb8f4e9c87c.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:9.988ex; height:2.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \mathbf {M} =\mathbf {A} ^{-1}}" loading="lazy"></span> für die Mittelpunktsmatrix <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \mathbf {A} \in [\mathbf {A} ]}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="bold">A</mi>
</mrow>
<mo>∈<!-- ∈ --></mo>
<mo stretchy="false">[</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="bold">A</mi>
</mrow>
<mo stretchy="false">]</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \mathbf {A} \in [\mathbf {A} ]}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/20c6195d85a39ebfc0d8e1043eda9bac4c61e6c5.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:8.173ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \mathbf {A} \in [\mathbf {A} ]}" loading="lazy"></span>, so ist <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \mathbf {M} \cdot [\mathbf {A} ]}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="bold">M</mi>
</mrow>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<mo stretchy="false">[</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="bold">A</mi>
</mrow>
<mo stretchy="false">]</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \mathbf {M} \cdot [\mathbf {A} ]}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/cbd3e24152064cc7686e0b589461941a4014f331.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:7.53ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \mathbf {M} \cdot [\mathbf {A} ]}" loading="lazy"></span> eine äußere Näherung der <a href="Einheitsmatrix" title="Einheitsmatrix">Einheitsmatrix</a>.
</p><p>Für die oben genannten Methoden gilt allerdings, dass sie nur dann gut funktionieren, wenn die Breite der vorkommenden Intervalle hinreichend klein ist. Für breitere Intervalle kann es sinnvoll sein, ein Intervall-lineares System auf eine endliche (wenn auch große) Anzahl reellwertiger linearer Systeme zurückzuführen. Sind nämlich alle Matrizen <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \mathbf {A} \in [\mathbf {A} ]}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="bold">A</mi>
</mrow>
<mo>∈<!-- ∈ --></mo>
<mo stretchy="false">[</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="bold">A</mi>
</mrow>
<mo stretchy="false">]</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \mathbf {A} \in [\mathbf {A} ]}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/20c6195d85a39ebfc0d8e1043eda9bac4c61e6c5.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:8.173ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \mathbf {A} \in [\mathbf {A} ]}" loading="lazy"></span> invertierbar, so ist es vollkommen ausreichend, alle möglichen Kombinationen an (oberen <b>und</b> unteren) Endpunkten der vorkommenden Intervalle zu betrachten. Die resultierenden Teilprobleme können dann mit herkömmlichen numerischen Methoden gelöst werden. Intervallarithmetik wird lediglich noch benutzt, um Rundungsfehler zu bestimmen.
</p><p>Dieser Ansatz ist allerdings nur für Systeme kleinerer Dimension möglich, da bei einer vollbesetzten <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle n\times n}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>n</mi>
<mo>×<!-- × --></mo>
<mi>n</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle n\times n}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/59d2b4cb72e304526cf5b5887147729ea259da78.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:5.63ex; height:1.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle n\times n}" loading="lazy"></span> Matrix schon <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle 2^{n^{2}}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msup>
<mn>2</mn>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<msup>
<mi>n</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle 2^{n^{2}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/e736acf2e0b9a29d97b91a1413af326c7175f117.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:3.212ex; height:3.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle 2^{n^{2}}}" loading="lazy"></span> reelle Matrizen invertiert werden müssen, mit jeweils <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle 2^{n}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msup>
<mn>2</mn>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>n</mi>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle 2^{n}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/8226f30650ee4fe4e640c6d2798127e80e9c160d.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:2.381ex; height:2.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle 2^{n}}" loading="lazy"></span> Vektoren für die rechte Seite. Dieser Ansatz wurde von Jiří Rohn noch weitergeführt und verbessert.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Intervall-Newton_Verfahren">Intervall-Newton Verfahren</h3></div>

<p>Eine Intervallvariante des <a href="Newton-Verfahren" class="mw-redirect" title="Newton-Verfahren">Newton-Verfahrens</a> zur Bestimmung der Nullstellen in einem Intervallvektor <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle [\mathbf {x} ]}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mo stretchy="false">[</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="bold">x</mi>
</mrow>
<mo stretchy="false">]</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle [\mathbf {x} ]}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/4290e7f30dee955efaed120787cce1b1b5ec6134.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:2.705ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle [\mathbf {x} ]}" loading="lazy"></span> lässt sich einfach aus der Mittelwert-Erweiterung ableiten (<a href="#Literatur">Lit.</a>: Hansen, 1992). Für einen unbekannten Vektor <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \mathbf {z} \in [\mathbf {x} ]}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="bold">z</mi>
</mrow>
<mo>∈<!-- ∈ --></mo>
<mo stretchy="false">[</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="bold">x</mi>
</mrow>
<mo stretchy="false">]</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \mathbf {z} \in [\mathbf {x} ]}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/3d05536f20e9c7373bd8ea13b5b8eb590f1d868b.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:6.733ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \mathbf {z} \in [\mathbf {x} ]}" loading="lazy"></span> gilt für ein festes <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \mathbf {y} \in [\mathbf {x} ]}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="bold">y</mi>
</mrow>
<mo>∈<!-- ∈ --></mo>
<mo stretchy="false">[</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="bold">x</mi>
</mrow>
<mo stretchy="false">]</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \mathbf {y} \in [\mathbf {x} ]}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/78f1514af17ca752389b762fc65be958264c1f61.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:6.956ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \mathbf {y} \in [\mathbf {x} ]}" loading="lazy"></span>, dass
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle f(\mathbf {z} )\in f(\mathbf {y} )+[J_{f}](\mathbf {[x]} )\cdot (\mathbf {z} -\mathbf {y} )}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>f</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="bold">z</mi>
</mrow>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>∈<!-- ∈ --></mo>
<mi>f</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="bold">y</mi>
</mrow>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>+</mo>
<mo stretchy="false">[</mo>
<msub>
<mi>J</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>f</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo stretchy="false">]</mo>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo mathvariant="bold" stretchy="false">[</mo>
<mi mathvariant="bold">x</mi>
<mo mathvariant="bold" stretchy="false">]</mo>
</mrow>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="bold">z</mi>
</mrow>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="bold">y</mi>
</mrow>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle f(\mathbf {z} )\in f(\mathbf {y} )+[J_{f}](\mathbf {[x]} )\cdot (\mathbf {z} -\mathbf {y} )}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/38870e9d970104f913495043e7dd7c50df424f88.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.005ex; width:31.808ex; height:3.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle f(\mathbf {z} )\in f(\mathbf {y} )+[J_{f}](\mathbf {[x]} )\cdot (\mathbf {z} -\mathbf {y} )}" loading="lazy"></span>.</dd></dl>
<p>Für eine Nullstelle <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \mathbf {z} }">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="bold">z</mi>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \mathbf {z} }</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/82eca5d0928078d5a61b9e7e98cc73db31070909.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.188ex; height:1.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \mathbf {z} }" loading="lazy"></span> ist <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle f(z)=0}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>f</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>z</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>=</mo>
<mn>0</mn>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle f(z)=0}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/083885a19c4077edc0bd0a6fd876b4326934de57.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:8.437ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle f(z)=0}" loading="lazy"></span>, und somit muss
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle f(\mathbf {y} )+[J_{f}](\mathbf {[x]} )\cdot (\mathbf {z} -\mathbf {y} )=0}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>f</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="bold">y</mi>
</mrow>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>+</mo>
<mo stretchy="false">[</mo>
<msub>
<mi>J</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>f</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo stretchy="false">]</mo>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo mathvariant="bold" stretchy="false">[</mo>
<mi mathvariant="bold">x</mi>
<mo mathvariant="bold" stretchy="false">]</mo>
</mrow>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="bold">z</mi>
</mrow>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="bold">y</mi>
</mrow>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>=</mo>
<mn>0</mn>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle f(\mathbf {y} )+[J_{f}](\mathbf {[x]} )\cdot (\mathbf {z} -\mathbf {y} )=0}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/864212aaad5ccb1a97db4b0697509851f9e06624.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.005ex; width:28.953ex; height:3.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle f(\mathbf {y} )+[J_{f}](\mathbf {[x]} )\cdot (\mathbf {z} -\mathbf {y} )=0}" loading="lazy"></span>.</dd></dl>
<p>erfüllt sein. Man erhält also
<span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \mathbf {z} \in \mathbf {y} -[J_{f}](\mathbf {[x]} )^{-1}\cdot f(\mathbf {y} )}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="bold">z</mi>
</mrow>
<mo>∈<!-- ∈ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="bold">y</mi>
</mrow>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mo stretchy="false">[</mo>
<msub>
<mi>J</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>f</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo stretchy="false">]</mo>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo mathvariant="bold" stretchy="false">[</mo>
<mi mathvariant="bold">x</mi>
<mo mathvariant="bold" stretchy="false">]</mo>
</mrow>
<msup>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<mi>f</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="bold">y</mi>
</mrow>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \mathbf {z} \in \mathbf {y} -[J_{f}](\mathbf {[x]} )^{-1}\cdot f(\mathbf {y} )}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/66c26c14421ed860cf2d5330986f51620ba1332b.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.005ex; width:25.215ex; height:3.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \mathbf {z} \in \mathbf {y} -[J_{f}](\mathbf {[x]} )^{-1}\cdot f(\mathbf {y} )}" loading="lazy"></span>.
Eine äußere Abschätzung von <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle [J_{f}](\mathbf {[x]} )^{-1}\cdot f(\mathbf {y} ))}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mo stretchy="false">[</mo>
<msub>
<mi>J</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>f</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo stretchy="false">]</mo>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo mathvariant="bold" stretchy="false">[</mo>
<mi mathvariant="bold">x</mi>
<mo mathvariant="bold" stretchy="false">]</mo>
</mrow>
<msup>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<mi>f</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="bold">y</mi>
</mrow>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle [J_{f}](\mathbf {[x]} )^{-1}\cdot f(\mathbf {y} ))}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/cd0d1abcf312d4a861cd641b0611c9211e503427.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.005ex; width:17.84ex; height:3.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle [J_{f}](\mathbf {[x]} )^{-1}\cdot f(\mathbf {y} ))}" loading="lazy"></span> kann hierbei durch eines der linearen Verfahren bestimmt werden.
</p><p>In jedem <i>Newton-Schritt</i> wird nun ein grober Startwert <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle [\mathbf {x} ]\in [\mathbb {R} ]^{n}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mo stretchy="false">[</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="bold">x</mi>
</mrow>
<mo stretchy="false">]</mo>
<mo>∈<!-- ∈ --></mo>
<mo stretchy="false">[</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="double-struck">R</mi>
</mrow>
<msup>
<mo stretchy="false">]</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>n</mi>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle [\mathbf {x} ]\in [\mathbb {R} ]^{n}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/4f48b41921cf4ac1028e1f4b6a1cd424f7112b82.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:9.736ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle [\mathbf {x} ]\in [\mathbb {R} ]^{n}}" loading="lazy"></span> durch <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle [\mathbf {x} ]\cap \left(\mathbf {y} -[J_{f}](\mathbf {[x]} )^{-1}\cdot f(\mathbf {y} )\right)}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mo stretchy="false">[</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="bold">x</mi>
</mrow>
<mo stretchy="false">]</mo>
<mo>∩<!-- ∩ --></mo>
<mrow>
<mo>(</mo>
<mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="bold">y</mi>
</mrow>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mo stretchy="false">[</mo>
<msub>
<mi>J</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>f</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo stretchy="false">]</mo>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo mathvariant="bold" stretchy="false">[</mo>
<mi mathvariant="bold">x</mi>
<mo mathvariant="bold" stretchy="false">]</mo>
</mrow>
<msup>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<mi>f</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="bold">y</mi>
</mrow>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mrow>
<mo>)</mo>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle [\mathbf {x} ]\cap \left(\mathbf {y} -[J_{f}](\mathbf {[x]} )^{-1}\cdot f(\mathbf {y} )\right)}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/811b51184ab77e175110c3dca604a23bd717af03.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.005ex; width:28.604ex; height:3.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle [\mathbf {x} ]\cap \left(\mathbf {y} -[J_{f}](\mathbf {[x]} )^{-1}\cdot f(\mathbf {y} )\right)}" loading="lazy"></span> ersetzt und so iterativ verbessert. Im Gegensatz zum klassischen Verfahren nähert sich diese Methode von außen den Nullstellen. Daher ist garantiert, dass das Ergebnis immer alle Nullstellen im Startwert enthält. Umgekehrt hat man bewiesen, dass <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle f}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>f</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle f}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/132e57acb643253e7810ee9702d9581f159a1c61.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:1.279ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle f}" loading="lazy"></span> keine <a href="Nullstelle" title="Nullstelle">Nullstelle</a> in <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle [\mathbf {x} ]}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mo stretchy="false">[</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="bold">x</mi>
</mrow>
<mo stretchy="false">]</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle [\mathbf {x} ]}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/4290e7f30dee955efaed120787cce1b1b5ec6134.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:2.705ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle [\mathbf {x} ]}" loading="lazy"></span> hat, wenn der Newton-Schritt die <a href="Leere_Menge" title="Leere Menge">leere Menge</a> zurückliefert.
</p><p>Das Verfahren konvergiert gegen eine Menge, die alle Nullstellen (innerhalb der Startregion) enthält. Durch in diesem Fall vorhandene Divisionen durch Null entstehen oft mehrere Intervallvektoren, die die Nullstellen voneinander trennen. Diese Trennung ist nicht immer vollständig und kann dann durch <a href="#Bisektion_und_Überdeckungen">Bisektion</a> forciert werden.
</p><p>Als Beispiel betrachte man die Funktion <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle f(x)=x^{2}-2}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>f</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>x</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>=</mo>
<msup>
<mi>x</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mn>2</mn>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle f(x)=x^{2}-2}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/7c4847612888d1cf7a21fa0293420011b0b147e8.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:13.903ex; height:3.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle f(x)=x^{2}-2}" loading="lazy"></span>, den Startwert <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle [x]=[-2,2]}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mo stretchy="false">[</mo>
<mi>x</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">]</mo>
<mo>=</mo>
<mo stretchy="false">[</mo>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mn>2</mn>
<mo>,</mo>
<mn>2</mn>
<mo stretchy="false">]</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle [x]=[-2,2]}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/a30331d65d35e6c55122b267178db7c1afa32a18.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:12.182ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle [x]=[-2,2]}" loading="lazy"></span> und den Punkt <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle y=0}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>y</mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mn>0</mn>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle y=0}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/094f824655138f6b11d96a0da32e7f0716ba6959.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:5.416ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle y=0}" loading="lazy"></span>. Man hat dann <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle J_{f}(x)=2\,x}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>J</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>f</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>x</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>=</mo>
<mn>2</mn>
<mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace>
<mi>x</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle J_{f}(x)=2\,x}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/b4a1a749ff2c36adab595c25daf649ee5b16c642.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.005ex; width:11.543ex; height:3.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle J_{f}(x)=2\,x}" loading="lazy"></span> und der erste Newton-Schritt ist gegeben durch
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle [-2,2]\cap \left(0-{\frac {1}{2\cdot [-2,2]}}(0-2)\right)=[-2,2]\cap {\Big (}[{-\infty };-0{,}5]\cup [0{,}5;{\infty }]{\Big )}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mo stretchy="false">[</mo>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mn>2</mn>
<mo>,</mo>
<mn>2</mn>
<mo stretchy="false">]</mo>
<mo>∩<!-- ∩ --></mo>
<mrow>
<mo>(</mo>
<mrow>
<mn>0</mn>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mn>1</mn>
<mrow>
<mn>2</mn>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<mo stretchy="false">[</mo>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mn>2</mn>
<mo>,</mo>
<mn>2</mn>
<mo stretchy="false">]</mo>
</mrow>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mn>0</mn>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mn>2</mn>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mrow>
<mo>)</mo>
</mrow>
<mo>=</mo>
<mo stretchy="false">[</mo>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mn>2</mn>
<mo>,</mo>
<mn>2</mn>
<mo stretchy="false">]</mo>
<mo>∩<!-- ∩ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo maxsize="1.623em" minsize="1.623em">(</mo>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mo stretchy="false">[</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mi mathvariant="normal">∞<!-- ∞ --></mi>
</mrow>
<mo>;</mo>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mn>0</mn>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>,</mo>
</mrow>
<mn>5</mn>
<mo stretchy="false">]</mo>
<mo>∪<!-- ∪ --></mo>
<mo stretchy="false">[</mo>
<mn>0</mn>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>,</mo>
</mrow>
<mn>5</mn>
<mo>;</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">∞<!-- ∞ --></mi>
</mrow>
<mo stretchy="false">]</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo maxsize="1.623em" minsize="1.623em">)</mo>
</mrow>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle [-2,2]\cap \left(0-{\frac {1}{2\cdot [-2,2]}}(0-2)\right)=[-2,2]\cap {\Big (}[{-\infty };-0{,}5]\cup [0{,}5;{\infty }]{\Big )}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/50f45cd9b03c9d8fb63a0676ac7e27b0089812ce.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.671ex; width:69.943ex; height:6.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle [-2,2]\cap \left(0-{\frac {1}{2\cdot [-2,2]}}(0-2)\right)=[-2,2]\cap {\Big (}[{-\infty };-0{,}5]\cup [0{,}5;{\infty }]{\Big )}}" loading="lazy"></span>.</dd></dl>
<p>Es gilt also für eine Nullstelle <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle x\in [-2;-0{,}5]\cup {\big [}0{,}5;2{\big ]}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>x</mi>
<mo>∈<!-- ∈ --></mo>
<mo stretchy="false">[</mo>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mn>2</mn>
<mo>;</mo>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mn>0</mn>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>,</mo>
</mrow>
<mn>5</mn>
<mo stretchy="false">]</mo>
<mo>∪<!-- ∪ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo maxsize="1.2em" minsize="1.2em">[</mo>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mn>0</mn>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>,</mo>
</mrow>
<mn>5</mn>
<mo>;</mo>
<mn>2</mn>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo maxsize="1.2em" minsize="1.2em">]</mo>
</mrow>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle x\in [-2;-0{,}5]\cup {\big [}0{,}5;2{\big ]}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/f02b7c3a3a6f1d256354ff558cd6c3d70a172ca6.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.005ex; width:23.939ex; height:3.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle x\in [-2;-0{,}5]\cup {\big [}0{,}5;2{\big ]}}" loading="lazy"></span>.
Weitere Newtonschritte werden dann jeweils auf <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle x\in [-2;-0{,}5]}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>x</mi>
<mo>∈<!-- ∈ --></mo>
<mo stretchy="false">[</mo>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mn>2</mn>
<mo>;</mo>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mn>0</mn>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>,</mo>
</mrow>
<mn>5</mn>
<mo stretchy="false">]</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle x\in [-2;-0{,}5]}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/cd7fa77c53bfca039f9054e793fa32ee5caafc67.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:14.248ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle x\in [-2;-0{,}5]}" loading="lazy"></span> und <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle [0{,}5;2]}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mo stretchy="false">[</mo>
<mn>0</mn>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>,</mo>
</mrow>
<mn>5</mn>
<mo>;</mo>
<mn>2</mn>
<mo stretchy="false">]</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle [0{,}5;2]}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/6ae3a82b054459f17730f2bbfa21ac27f4a96153.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:6.462ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle [0{,}5;2]}" loading="lazy"></span> getrennt angewendet. Diese konvergieren zu beliebig kleinen Intervallen um <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle -{\sqrt {2}}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<msqrt>
<mn>2</mn>
</msqrt>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle -{\sqrt {2}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/6f922458d7d412e30c23d59dfdd457803b867508.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:4.906ex; height:3.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle -{\sqrt {2}}}" loading="lazy"></span> und <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle +{\sqrt {2}}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mo>+</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<msqrt>
<mn>2</mn>
</msqrt>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle +{\sqrt {2}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/a348c078495926643fb34607bdc0fcc670b6fbd0.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:4.906ex; height:3.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle +{\sqrt {2}}}" loading="lazy"></span>.
</p><p>Das Intervall-Newton-Verfahren lässt sich auch ohne weiteres bei <i>dicken Funktionen</i> anwenden, also Funktionen wie <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle g(x)=x^{2}-[2,3]}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>g</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>x</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>=</mo>
<msup>
<mi>x</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mo stretchy="false">[</mo>
<mn>2</mn>
<mo>,</mo>
<mn>3</mn>
<mo stretchy="false">]</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle g(x)=x^{2}-[2,3]}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/695a37c43d1c8313a314f9f2689621ee0722b34a.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:17.23ex; height:3.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle g(x)=x^{2}-[2,3]}" loading="lazy"></span>, die bereits dann Intervalle zurückliefern, wenn man reelle Zahlen einsetzt. Die Lösung besteht dann aus mehreren Intervallen <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \left[-{\sqrt {3}},-{\sqrt {2}}\right]\cup \left[{\sqrt {2}},{\sqrt {3}}\right]}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow>
<mo>[</mo>
<mrow>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<msqrt>
<mn>3</mn>
</msqrt>
</mrow>
<mo>,</mo>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<msqrt>
<mn>2</mn>
</msqrt>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mo>]</mo>
</mrow>
<mo>∪<!-- ∪ --></mo>
<mrow>
<mo>[</mo>
<mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<msqrt>
<mn>2</mn>
</msqrt>
</mrow>
<mo>,</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<msqrt>
<mn>3</mn>
</msqrt>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mo>]</mo>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \left[-{\sqrt {3}},-{\sqrt {2}}\right]\cup \left[{\sqrt {2}},{\sqrt {3}}\right]}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/5417440767bf98c32b27e887a62b9f3dfc67ab6f.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.005ex; width:24.539ex; height:3.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \left[-{\sqrt {3}},-{\sqrt {2}}\right]\cup \left[{\sqrt {2}},{\sqrt {3}}\right]}" loading="lazy"></span>.
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bisektion_und_Überdeckungen"><span id="Bisektion_und_.C3.9Cberdeckungen"></span>Bisektion und Überdeckungen</h3></div>
<p>Die verschiedenen Intervallmethoden liefern nur äußerst <a href="Konservative_Annahme" title="Konservative Annahme">konservative</a> Abschätzungen eines jeweils gesuchten Bereiches, da Abhängigkeiten zwischen den intervallwertigen Größen nicht ausreichend berücksichtigt werden. Das Abhängigkeitsproblem spielt aber eine desto geringere Rolle, je dünner die Intervalle sind.
</p><p>Überdeckt man einen Intervallvektor <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle [\mathbf {x} ]}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mo stretchy="false">[</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="bold">x</mi>
</mrow>
<mo stretchy="false">]</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle [\mathbf {x} ]}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/4290e7f30dee955efaed120787cce1b1b5ec6134.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:2.705ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle [\mathbf {x} ]}" loading="lazy"></span> durch kleinere Boxen <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle [\mathbf {x} _{1}],\cdots ,[\mathbf {x} _{k}]{\text{,}}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mo stretchy="false">[</mo>
<msub>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="bold">x</mi>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo stretchy="false">]</mo>
<mo>,</mo>
<mo>⋯<!-- ⋯ --></mo>
<mo>,</mo>
<mo stretchy="false">[</mo>
<msub>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="bold">x</mi>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>k</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo stretchy="false">]</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mtext>,</mtext>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle [\mathbf {x} _{1}],\cdots ,[\mathbf {x} _{k}]{\text{,}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/424e95aa274dbc3f71954fd0c32dd61c60f12095.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:13.377ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle [\mathbf {x} _{1}],\cdots ,[\mathbf {x} _{k}]{\text{,}}}" loading="lazy"></span> so dass <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \textstyle [\mathbf {x} ]=\bigcup _{i=1}^{k}[\mathbf {x} _{i}]{\text{,}}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mstyle displaystyle="false" scriptlevel="0">
<mo stretchy="false">[</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="bold">x</mi>
</mrow>
<mo stretchy="false">]</mo>
<mo>=</mo>
<munderover>
<mo>⋃<!-- ⋃ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>i</mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>k</mi>
</mrow>
</munderover>
<mo stretchy="false">[</mo>
<msub>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="bold">x</mi>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>i</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo stretchy="false">]</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mtext>,</mtext>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \textstyle [\mathbf {x} ]=\bigcup _{i=1}^{k}[\mathbf {x} _{i}]{\text{,}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/80d989fd3401ff0f701a28c614c77e11a8dbda89.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.005ex; width:14.79ex; height:3.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \textstyle [\mathbf {x} ]=\bigcup _{i=1}^{k}[\mathbf {x} _{i}]{\text{,}}}" loading="lazy"></span> dann gilt für den Wertebereich
<span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \textstyle f([\mathbf {x} ])=\bigcup _{i=1}^{k}f([\mathbf {x} _{i}]){\text{.}}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mstyle displaystyle="false" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>f</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mo stretchy="false">[</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="bold">x</mi>
</mrow>
<mo stretchy="false">]</mo>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>=</mo>
<munderover>
<mo>⋃<!-- ⋃ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>i</mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>k</mi>
</mrow>
</munderover>
<mi>f</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mo stretchy="false">[</mo>
<msub>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="bold">x</mi>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>i</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo stretchy="false">]</mo>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mtext>.</mtext>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \textstyle f([\mathbf {x} ])=\bigcup _{i=1}^{k}f([\mathbf {x} _{i}]){\text{.}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/de816fd0479a333a145f7cb59f7bde346417b56f.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.005ex; width:21.353ex; height:3.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \textstyle f([\mathbf {x} ])=\bigcup _{i=1}^{k}f([\mathbf {x} _{i}]){\text{.}}}" loading="lazy"></span>
Für die oben genannten Intervallerweiterungen gilt dann
<span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \textstyle [f]([\mathbf {x} ])\supseteq \bigcup _{i=1}^{k}[f]([\mathbf {x} _{i}])}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mstyle displaystyle="false" scriptlevel="0">
<mo stretchy="false">[</mo>
<mi>f</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">]</mo>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mo stretchy="false">[</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="bold">x</mi>
</mrow>
<mo stretchy="false">]</mo>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>⊇<!-- ⊇ --></mo>
<munderover>
<mo>⋃<!-- ⋃ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>i</mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>k</mi>
</mrow>
</munderover>
<mo stretchy="false">[</mo>
<mi>f</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">]</mo>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mo stretchy="false">[</mo>
<msub>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="bold">x</mi>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>i</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo stretchy="false">]</mo>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mstyle>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \textstyle [f]([\mathbf {x} ])\supseteq \bigcup _{i=1}^{k}[f]([\mathbf {x} _{i}])}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/1cc51d878136980b15844b91c00be8b1274a383a.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.005ex; width:22.907ex; height:3.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \textstyle [f]([\mathbf {x} ])\supseteq \bigcup _{i=1}^{k}[f]([\mathbf {x} _{i}])}" loading="lazy"></span>.
Da <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle [f]([\mathbf {x} ])}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mo stretchy="false">[</mo>
<mi>f</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">]</mo>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mo stretchy="false">[</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="bold">x</mi>
</mrow>
<mo stretchy="false">]</mo>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle [f]([\mathbf {x} ])}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/2717077a8567f5422b647457dfbc437086e71181.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:7.086ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle [f]([\mathbf {x} ])}" loading="lazy"></span> oft eine echte <a href="Teilmenge" title="Teilmenge">Obermenge</a> der rechten Seite ist, erhält man somit meist eine verbesserte Abschätzung.
</p>

<p>Eine solche Überdeckung kann zum einen durch <a href="Bisektion" title="Bisektion">Bisektion</a> generiert werden, indem man besonders <i>dicke</i> Elemente <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle [x_{i1},x_{i2}]}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mo stretchy="false">[</mo>
<msub>
<mi>x</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>i</mi>
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>,</mo>
<msub>
<mi>x</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>i</mi>
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo stretchy="false">]</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle [x_{i1},x_{i2}]}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/28fe01c53877dab323e3092dc3d145a35dc1f0cc.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:8.23ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle [x_{i1},x_{i2}]}" loading="lazy"></span> des Intervallvektors <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle [\mathbf {x} ]=([x_{11},x_{12}],\cdots ,[x_{n1},x_{n2}])}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mo stretchy="false">[</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="bold">x</mi>
</mrow>
<mo stretchy="false">]</mo>
<mo>=</mo>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mo stretchy="false">[</mo>
<msub>
<mi>x</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>11</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>,</mo>
<msub>
<mi>x</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>12</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo stretchy="false">]</mo>
<mo>,</mo>
<mo>⋯<!-- ⋯ --></mo>
<mo>,</mo>
<mo stretchy="false">[</mo>
<msub>
<mi>x</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>n</mi>
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>,</mo>
<msub>
<mi>x</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>n</mi>
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo stretchy="false">]</mo>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle [\mathbf {x} ]=([x_{11},x_{12}],\cdots ,[x_{n1},x_{n2}])}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/58fbd3d4a08979ff319e4401da5eea7e70f63f4a.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:30.598ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle [\mathbf {x} ]=([x_{11},x_{12}],\cdots ,[x_{n1},x_{n2}])}" loading="lazy"></span> beispielsweise in der Mitte teilt und durch zwei Intervalle <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle [x_{i1},(x_{i1}+x_{i2})/2]}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mo stretchy="false">[</mo>
<msub>
<mi>x</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>i</mi>
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>,</mo>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<msub>
<mi>x</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>i</mi>
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>+</mo>
<msub>
<mi>x</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>i</mi>
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>/</mo>
</mrow>
<mn>2</mn>
<mo stretchy="false">]</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle [x_{i1},(x_{i1}+x_{i2})/2]}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/e750a43bb7f27228c54c427ec0a6ed57208e639e.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:18.156ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle [x_{i1},(x_{i1}+x_{i2})/2]}" loading="lazy"></span> und <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle [(x_{i1}+x_{i2})/2,x_{i2}]}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mo stretchy="false">[</mo>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<msub>
<mi>x</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>i</mi>
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>+</mo>
<msub>
<mi>x</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>i</mi>
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>/</mo>
</mrow>
<mn>2</mn>
<mo>,</mo>
<msub>
<mi>x</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>i</mi>
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo stretchy="false">]</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle [(x_{i1}+x_{i2})/2,x_{i2}]}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/523cd6272129a63cc982a346b6e770a3b24d84ab.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:18.156ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle [(x_{i1}+x_{i2})/2,x_{i2}]}" loading="lazy"></span> ersetzt. Sollte das daraus folgende Resultat immer noch nicht geeignet sein, kann sukzessive weiter zerlegt werden. Hierbei gilt allerdings zu beachten, dass durch <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle r}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>r</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle r}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/0d1ecb613aa2984f0576f70f86650b7c2a132538.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.049ex; height:1.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle r}" loading="lazy"></span> geteilte Vektorelemente eine Überdeckung aus <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle 2^{r}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msup>
<mn>2</mn>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>r</mi>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle 2^{r}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/c7f5f9125e1c1d0ac48d810ee16bfe95c6dabcad.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:2.136ex; height:2.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle 2^{r}}" loading="lazy"></span> Intervallvektoren entsteht, was den Rechenaufwand natürlich stark erhöht.
</p><p>Bei sehr breiten Intervallen kann es sogar sinnvoll sein, alle Intervalle gleich in mehrere Teilintervalle mit (kleiner) konstanter Breite zu zerlegen („Mincing“). Damit spart man die Zwischenrechnung für die einzelnen Bisektionsschritte.
Beide Herangehensweisen sind allerdings nur für Probleme niedriger <a href="Dimension_(Mathematik)" title="Dimension (Mathematik)">Dimension</a> geeignet.
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Anwendung">Anwendung</h2></div>
<p>Die Intervallarithmetik kommt auf verschiedenen Gebieten zum Einsatz, um Größen zu behandeln, für die keine genauen Zahlenwerte festgelegt werden können (<a href="#Literatur">Lit.</a>: Jaulin u.&nbsp;a., 2001).
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Rundungsfehleranalyse">Rundungsfehleranalyse</h3></div>
<p>Die Intervallarithmetik wird bei der <a href="Numerische_Mathematik#Fehleranalyse" title="Numerische Mathematik">Fehleranalyse</a> angewendet, um Kontrolle über die bei jeder Berechnung auftretenden <a href="Rundungsfehler" title="Rundungsfehler">Rundungsfehler</a> zu bekommen.
Der Vorteil der Intervallarithmetik liegt darin, dass man nach jeder Operation ein Intervall erhält, welches das Ergebnis sicher einschließt. Aus dem Abstand der Intervallgrenzen kann man den aktuellen Berechnungsfehler direkt ablesen:
</p>
<dl><dd>Fehler = <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \operatorname {abs} (a-b)}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>abs</mi>
<mo>⁡<!-- ⁡ --></mo>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>a</mi>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mi>b</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \operatorname {abs} (a-b)}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/8b40eefd5cb9a9848198ec50dc0664c5d43adea8.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:10.248ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \operatorname {abs} (a-b)}" loading="lazy"></span> für gegebenes Intervall <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle [a,b]}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mo stretchy="false">[</mo>
<mi>a</mi>
<mo>,</mo>
<mi>b</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">]</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle [a,b]}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/9c4b788fc5c637e26ee98b45f89a5c08c85f7935.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:4.555ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle [a,b]}" loading="lazy"></span>.</dd></dl>
<p>Intervallanalyse bietet hierbei keinen Ersatz für die klassischen Methoden zur Fehlerreduktion, wie <a href="Pivotisierung" class="mw-redirect" title="Pivotisierung">Pivotisierung</a>, sondern ergänzt diese lediglich.
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Toleranzanalyse">Toleranzanalyse</h3></div>
<p>Bei der <a href="Simulation" title="Simulation">Simulation</a> technischer und physikalischer Prozesse treten oft Parameter auf, denen keine exakten Zahlenwerte zugeordnet werden können.
So unterliegt der Produktionsprozess technischer <a href="Bauteil_(Technik)" title="Bauteil (Technik)">Bauteile</a> gewissen Toleranzen, so bestimmte Parameter innerhalb bestimmter Intervalle schwanken können.
Außerdem können viele <a href="Naturkonstante" class="mw-redirect" title="Naturkonstante">Naturkonstanten</a> nicht mit beliebiger Genauigkeit gemessen werden (<a href="#Literatur">Lit.</a>: Dreyer, 2005).
</p><p>Wird das Verhalten eines solchen toleranzbehafteten Systems beispielsweise durch eine Gleichung <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle f(\mathbf {x} ,\mathbf {p} )=0}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>f</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="bold">x</mi>
</mrow>
<mo>,</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="bold">p</mi>
</mrow>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>=</mo>
<mn>0</mn>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle f(\mathbf {x} ,\mathbf {p} )=0}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/7d174c1f5c018c37bf5cc78635db3488045c99aa.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:11.279ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle f(\mathbf {x} ,\mathbf {p} )=0}" loading="lazy"></span>, für <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \mathbf {p} \in [\mathbf {p} ]}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="bold">p</mi>
</mrow>
<mo>∈<!-- ∈ --></mo>
<mo stretchy="false">[</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="bold">p</mi>
</mrow>
<mo stretchy="false">]</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \mathbf {p} \in [\mathbf {p} ]}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/49aa561cc72488b607c3fdf1e6f6a252da45ae69.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:7.105ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \mathbf {p} \in [\mathbf {p} ]}" loading="lazy"></span> und Unbekannten <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \mathbf {x} }">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="bold">x</mi>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \mathbf {x} }</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/32adf004df5eb0a8c7fd8c0b6b7405183c5a5ef2.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.411ex; height:1.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \mathbf {x} }" loading="lazy"></span>, beschrieben, dann kann die Menge aller möglichen Lösungen
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \{\mathbf {x} \,|\,\exists \mathbf {p} \in [\mathbf {p} ],f(\mathbf {x} ,\mathbf {p} )=0\}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mo fence="false" stretchy="false">{</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="bold">x</mi>
</mrow>
<mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo stretchy="false">|</mo>
</mrow>
<mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace>
<mi mathvariant="normal">∃<!-- ∃ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="bold">p</mi>
</mrow>
<mo>∈<!-- ∈ --></mo>
<mo stretchy="false">[</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="bold">p</mi>
</mrow>
<mo stretchy="false">]</mo>
<mo>,</mo>
<mi>f</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="bold">x</mi>
</mrow>
<mo>,</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="bold">p</mi>
</mrow>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>=</mo>
<mn>0</mn>
<mo fence="false" stretchy="false">}</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \{\mathbf {x} \,|\,\exists \mathbf {p} \in [\mathbf {p} ],f(\mathbf {x} ,\mathbf {p} )=0\}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/ca71015c6d47c7c3da1b6a17c2d75fdec0c59595.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:25.867ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \{\mathbf {x} \,|\,\exists \mathbf {p} \in [\mathbf {p} ],f(\mathbf {x} ,\mathbf {p} )=0\}}" loading="lazy"></span>,</dd></dl>
<p>durch Intervallmethoden abgeschätzt werden. Diese stellen hier eine Alternative zur klassischen <a href="Fehlerrechnung" title="Fehlerrechnung">Fehlerrechnung</a> dar.
Im Gegensatz zu punktbasierten Methoden, wie der <a href="Monte-Carlo-Simulation" title="Monte-Carlo-Simulation">Monte-Carlo-Simulation</a>, stellt die verwendete Methodik sicher, dass keine Teile des Lösungsgebietes übersehen werden.
Allerdings entspricht das Ergebnis immer einer <a href="Worst_Case" title="Worst Case">Worst-Case</a>-Analyse für gleichverteilte <a href="Fehler" title="Fehler">Fehler</a>, andere <a href="Wahrscheinlichkeitsverteilung" class="mw-redirect" title="Wahrscheinlichkeitsverteilung">Wahrscheinlichkeitsverteilungen</a> sind nicht möglich.
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Fuzzy-Arithmetik">Fuzzy-Arithmetik</h3></div>

<p>Intervallarithmetik kann auch dazu verwendet werden, beliebige <a href="Fuzzy-Logik#Unscharfe_Mengen" class="mw-redirect" title="Fuzzy-Logik">Zugehörigkeitsfunktionen</a> für unscharfe Mengen wie sie in der <a href="Fuzzy-Logik" class="mw-redirect" title="Fuzzy-Logik">Fuzzy-Logik</a> benutzt werden anzunähern. Neben den strikten Aussagen <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle x\in [x]}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>x</mi>
<mo>∈<!-- ∈ --></mo>
<mo stretchy="false">[</mo>
<mi>x</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">]</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle x\in [x]}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/171880f55704b7119665c4bf008a08c02f00e9da.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:6.794ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle x\in [x]}" loading="lazy"></span> und <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle x\not \in [x]}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>x</mi>
<mo>∉</mo>
<mo stretchy="false">[</mo>
<mi>x</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">]</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle x\not \in [x]}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/861a9d3eb363c42c1a42db4c37dcc983ef3ccd75.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:6.794ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle x\not \in [x]}" loading="lazy"></span> sind hier auch Zwischenwerte möglich, denen reelle Zahlen <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \mu \in [0,1]}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>μ<!-- μ --></mi>
<mo>∈<!-- ∈ --></mo>
<mo stretchy="false">[</mo>
<mn>0</mn>
<mo>,</mo>
<mn>1</mn>
<mo stretchy="false">]</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \mu \in [0,1]}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/030ca0eebf53f89d13f475805d065c80355c9390.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:8.895ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \mu \in [0,1]}" loading="lazy"></span> zugeordnet werden. Dabei entspricht <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \mu =1}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>μ<!-- μ --></mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mn>1</mn>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \mu =1}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/820c85551af65c6bedaf1b895fbd99bd9e23ec4f.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:5.663ex; height:2.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \mu =1}" loading="lazy"></span> der sicheren Zugehörigkeit und <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \mu =0}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>μ<!-- μ --></mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mn>0</mn>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \mu =0}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/3753282c0ad2ea1e7d63f39425efd13c37da3169.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:5.663ex; height:2.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \mu =0}" loading="lazy"></span> der Nichtzugehörigkeit. Eine Verteilungsfunktion ordnet jedem dieser Werte einen gewissen Schwankungsbereich zu, den man wieder als Intervall auffassen kann.
</p><p>Für die <i>Fuzzy-Arithmetik</i><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> werden nur endlich viele <a href="Diskretheit#Diskretheit_in_der_Mathematik" class="mw-redirect" title="Diskretheit">diskrete</a> Zugehörigkeitsstufen <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \mu _{i}\in [0,1]}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>μ<!-- μ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>i</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>∈<!-- ∈ --></mo>
<mo stretchy="false">[</mo>
<mn>0</mn>
<mo>,</mo>
<mn>1</mn>
<mo stretchy="false">]</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \mu _{i}\in [0,1]}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/3d3f326c7768d7b92160ef76d925edd252c33b29.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:9.695ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \mu _{i}\in [0,1]}" loading="lazy"></span> betrachtet. Die Form einer solchen Verteilung für einen unscharfen Wert kann dann durch eine <a href="Reihe_(Mathematik)" title="Reihe (Mathematik)">Reihe</a> von Intervallen
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \left[x^{(1)}\right]\supset \left[x^{(2)}\right]\supset \cdots \supset \left[x^{(k)}\right]}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow>
<mo>[</mo>
<msup>
<mi>x</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mn>1</mn>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo>]</mo>
</mrow>
<mo>⊃<!-- ⊃ --></mo>
<mrow>
<mo>[</mo>
<msup>
<mi>x</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mn>2</mn>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo>]</mo>
</mrow>
<mo>⊃<!-- ⊃ --></mo>
<mo>⋯<!-- ⋯ --></mo>
<mo>⊃<!-- ⊃ --></mo>
<mrow>
<mo>[</mo>
<msup>
<mi>x</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>k</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo>]</mo>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \left[x^{(1)}\right]\supset \left[x^{(2)}\right]\supset \cdots \supset \left[x^{(k)}\right]}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/4480572b213bfaf484ae341f0df37ea91d0a955a.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.838ex; width:29.628ex; height:4.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \left[x^{(1)}\right]\supset \left[x^{(2)}\right]\supset \cdots \supset \left[x^{(k)}\right]}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>angenähert werden. Dabei entspricht das Intervall <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle [x^{(i)}]}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mo stretchy="false">[</mo>
<msup>
<mi>x</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>i</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo stretchy="false">]</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle [x^{(i)}]}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/6301575f0849152cf89eb7a36c81f0ed8da9617b.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:4.702ex; height:3.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle [x^{(i)}]}" loading="lazy"></span> genau dem Schwankungsbereich für die Stufe <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \mu _{i}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>μ<!-- μ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>i</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \mu _{i}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/dea0a0293841cce9eef98b55e53a92b82ae59ee4.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:2.201ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \mu _{i}}" loading="lazy"></span>.
</p><p>Die entsprechende Verteilung für eine Funktion <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle f(x_{1},\cdots ,x_{n})}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>f</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<msub>
<mi>x</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>,</mo>
<mo>⋯<!-- ⋯ --></mo>
<mo>,</mo>
<msub>
<mi>x</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>n</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle f(x_{1},\cdots ,x_{n})}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/01a1d7e0395d706c27db6c6e0b75e65bd77a7f21.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:13.198ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle f(x_{1},\cdots ,x_{n})}" loading="lazy"></span> bezüglich unscharfer Werte
<span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle x_{1},\cdots ,x_{n}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>x</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>,</mo>
<mo>⋯<!-- ⋯ --></mo>
<mo>,</mo>
<msub>
<mi>x</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>n</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle x_{1},\cdots ,x_{n}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/c5a6a61191ce3cb8cb3beffda4817187aa7fb7dc.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:10.11ex; height:2.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle x_{1},\cdots ,x_{n}}" loading="lazy"></span> und den entsprechenden Sequenzen
<span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \left[x_{1}^{(1)}\right]\supset \cdots \supset \left[x_{1}^{(k)}\right],\cdots ,\left[x_{n}^{(1)}\right]\supset \cdots \supset \left[x_{n}^{(k)}\right]}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow>
<mo>[</mo>
<msubsup>
<mi>x</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mn>1</mn>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mrow>
</msubsup>
<mo>]</mo>
</mrow>
<mo>⊃<!-- ⊃ --></mo>
<mo>⋯<!-- ⋯ --></mo>
<mo>⊃<!-- ⊃ --></mo>
<mrow>
<mo>[</mo>
<msubsup>
<mi>x</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>k</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mrow>
</msubsup>
<mo>]</mo>
</mrow>
<mo>,</mo>
<mo>⋯<!-- ⋯ --></mo>
<mo>,</mo>
<mrow>
<mo>[</mo>
<msubsup>
<mi>x</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>n</mi>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mn>1</mn>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mrow>
</msubsup>
<mo>]</mo>
</mrow>
<mo>⊃<!-- ⊃ --></mo>
<mo>⋯<!-- ⋯ --></mo>
<mo>⊃<!-- ⊃ --></mo>
<mrow>
<mo>[</mo>
<msubsup>
<mi>x</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>n</mi>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>k</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mrow>
</msubsup>
<mo>]</mo>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \left[x_{1}^{(1)}\right]\supset \cdots \supset \left[x_{1}^{(k)}\right],\cdots ,\left[x_{n}^{(1)}\right]\supset \cdots \supset \left[x_{n}^{(k)}\right]}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/39a8b904bf1882e7a13fa4540030d886d1b9ba61.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.838ex; width:46.907ex; height:4.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \left[x_{1}^{(1)}\right]\supset \cdots \supset \left[x_{1}^{(k)}\right],\cdots ,\left[x_{n}^{(1)}\right]\supset \cdots \supset \left[x_{n}^{(k)}\right]}" loading="lazy"></span> lässt sich dann durch die Intervallsequenz
<span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \left[y^{(1)}\right]\supset \cdots \supset \left[y^{(k)}\right]}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow>
<mo>[</mo>
<msup>
<mi>y</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mn>1</mn>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo>]</mo>
</mrow>
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approximieren. Die Werte <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \left[y^{(i)}\right]}">
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<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \left[y^{(i)}\right]}</annotation>
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<semantics>
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</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/3a9f81406efaccd74e07d5451d543dfd908d8a45.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.838ex; width:28.713ex; height:4.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \left[y^{(i)}\right]=f\left(\left[x_{1}^{(i)}\right],\cdots \left[x_{n}^{(i)}\right]\right)}" loading="lazy"></span> und können durch Intervallverfahren abgeschätzt werden. Dabei entspricht <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \left[y^{(1)}\right]}">
<semantics>
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</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \left[y^{(1)}\right]}</annotation>
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</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Geschichtliches">Geschichtliches</h2></div>
<p>Intervallarithmetik ist keine völlig neue Erscheinung in der Mathematik und tauchte bereits mehrfach unter verschiedenen Namen im Laufe der Geschichte auf. So berechnete <a href="Archimedes" title="Archimedes">Archimedes</a> bereits im <a href="3._Jahrhundert_v._Chr." title="3. Jahrhundert v. Chr.">3. Jahrhundert v. Chr.</a> obere und untere Schranken für die Kreiszahl <a href="Kreiszahl" title="Kreiszahl">Pi</a>. Allerdings wurde das eigentliche Rechnen mit Intervallen nie so populär wie andere numerische Techniken, wurde aber nie völlig vergessen.
</p><p>Regeln für das Rechnen mit Intervallen und anderen Teilmengen der reellen Zahlen finden sich schließlich in einer 1931 veröffentlichten Arbeit von <a href="Rosalind_Tanner" title="Rosalind Tanner">Rosalind Tanner</a> (Rosalind Cecily Young), einer Doktorandin von <a href="Ernest_William_Hobson" title="Ernest William Hobson">Ernest William Hobson</a> an der <a href="Universit%C3%A4t_Cambridge" class="mw-redirect" title="Universität Cambridge">Universität Cambridge</a>. Arbeiten für eine Arithmetik von <i>range numbers</i> („Bereichszahlen“) in Hinblick auf eine Verbesserung und Zuverlässigkeit digitaler Systeme finden sich dann in einem 1951 veröffentlichten Lehrbuch zur linearen Algebra von <a href="Paul_S._Dwyer" title="Paul S. Dwyer">Paul S. Dwyer</a> (<a href="University_of_Michigan" title="University of Michigan">University of Michigan</a>). Hier werden Intervalle tatsächlich dafür eingesetzt, die Rundungsfehler bei Gleitkommazahlen abzuschätzen.
</p><p>Als Geburtsstunde der modernen Intervallarithmetik wird das Erscheinen des Buches <i>Interval Analysis</i> von <a href="Ramon_E._Moore" title="Ramon E. Moore">Ramon E. Moore</a> im Jahr 1966 (<a href="#Literatur">Lit.</a>: Moore) angesehen.
Die Idee dazu hatte er im Frühjahr 1958, und bereits ein knappes Jahr später veröffentlichte er einen Artikel über computerunterstützte Intervallarithmetik.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sein Verdienst ist es, dass aus einem einfachen Prinzip eine allgemeingültige Methode zur automatisierten Fehleranalyse wurde, mit deren Hilfe nicht nur der Einfluss von Rundungen bestimmt werden konnte.
</p><p>Unabhängig davon hatte Mieczyslaw Warmus zwar schon 1956 Formeln für das Rechnen mit Intervallen vorgeschlagen,<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> bei Moore fanden sich aber neben <a href="Implementierung" title="Implementierung">Implementierungshinweisen</a> auch erste nicht-<a href="Trivialit%C3%A4t#Mathematik" title="Trivialität">triviale</a> Anwendungen.
</p><p>In Deutschland hatten sich in den 1960er Jahren Forschergruppen um <a href="Karl_Nickel" title="Karl Nickel">Karl Nickel</a><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (<a href="Universit%C3%A4t_Karlsruhe" class="mw-redirect" title="Universität Karlsruhe">Universität Karlsruhe</a>; ab 1976: <a href="Albert-Ludwigs-Universit%C3%A4t_Freiburg" title="Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg">Universität Freiburg</a>), <a href="Ulrich_Kulisch" title="Ulrich Kulisch">Ulrich Kulisch</a> (<a href="#Literatur">Lit.</a>: Kulisch) (Universität Karlsruhe) und <a href="Fritz_Kr%C3%BCckeberg" title="Fritz Krückeberg">Fritz Krückeberg</a> (<a href="#Literatur">Lit.</a>: Krückeberg) (<a href="Universit%C3%A4t_Bonn" class="mw-redirect" title="Universität Bonn">Universität Bonn</a>; ab 1968: <a href="Gesellschaft_f%C3%BCr_Mathematik_und_Datenverarbeitung" class="mw-redirect" title="Gesellschaft für Mathematik und Datenverarbeitung">Gesellschaft für Mathematik und Datenverarbeitung</a>, Sankt Augustin) etabliert, in denen zahlreiche Diplom- und Doktorarbeiten<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> zu intervallarithmetischen Themen entstanden.
</p><p>Das erste internationale Symposium über Intervallanalysis (<a href="#Literatur">Lit.</a>: Hansen) veranstaltete das Oxford University Computing Laboratory im Januar 1968 in Culham, England. Der Tagungsband wurde von <a href="Eldon_R._Hansen" title="Eldon R. Hansen">Eldon R. Hansen</a> herausgegeben, der auch später sehr aktiv auf dem Gebiet war (<a href="#Literatur">Lit.</a>: Hansen, Walster).
</p><p><a href="Karl_Nickel" title="Karl Nickel">Karl Nickel</a> war die Triebfeder hinter fünf Workshops zur Intervallarithmetik,<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
die 1968–1976 im <a href="Mathematisches_Forschungsinstitut_Oberwolfach" title="Mathematisches Forschungsinstitut Oberwolfach">mathematischen Forschungsinstitut Oberwolfach</a> stattfanden und wo sich deutschsprachige Forscher über ihre Arbeiten austauschten.
Er organisierte 1975, 1980 und 1985 (<a href="#Literatur">Lit.</a>: Nickel) internationale Symposien zur Intervallmathematik, wobei er den Begriff Intervallmathematik prägte.
Eine Intervallbibliothek, in der Software zur Intervallarithmetik systematisch gesammelt wurde, war in seinem Institut angesiedelt.
Von 1978 bis 1987 gab er die Zeitschrift „Freiburger Intervall-Berichte“ heraus.
Er war Gründer und Vorsitzender des <a href="GAMM" class="mw-redirect" title="GAMM">GAMM</a>-Ausschuss Intervallmathematik.
</p><p>Zwei Schüler von Ulrich Kulisch, <a href="G%C3%B6tz_Alefeld" title="Götz Alefeld">Götz Alefeld</a> und Jürgen Herzberger, veröffentlichten 1974 das erste deutschsprachige Lehrbuch (<a href="#Literatur">Lit.</a>: Alefeld und Herzberger) zur Intervallarithmetik.
</p><p>Seit den <a href="1990er" title="1990er">90ern</a> wird das Journal <i>Reliable Computing</i> (ursprünglich <i>Interval Computations</i>) herausgegeben, das sich der Zuverlässigkeit computerunterstützter Berechnungen widmet. Als leitender Redakteur hat R. Baker Kearfott neben seinen Arbeiten zur globalen Optimierung wesentlich zur Vereinheitlichung der Notation und Begrifflichkeiten der Intervallarithmetik beigetragen (<a href="#Weblinks">Web</a>: Kearfott).
</p><p>In jüngerer Zeit sind insbesondere die Arbeiten zur Abschätzung des <a href="Urbild_(Mathematik)" title="Urbild (Mathematik)">Urbildes</a> parametrisierter Funktionen und zur robusten <a href="Kontrolltheorie" title="Kontrolltheorie">Kontrolle</a> von der <i>COPRIN</i>-Arbeitsgruppe des <a href="INRIA" class="mw-redirect" title="INRIA">INRIA</a> im französischen <a href="Sophia_Antipolis" title="Sophia Antipolis">Sophia Antipolis</a> zu erwähnen (<a href="#Weblinks">Web</a>: INRIA).
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Patente">Patente</h2></div>
<p>Einer der wesentlichen Förderer der Intervallarithmetik, G. William Walster von <a href="Sun_Microsystems" title="Sun Microsystems">Sun Microsystems</a>, hat in den Jahren 2001 bis 2004&nbsp;– teilweise zusammen mit Ramon E. Moore und Eldon R. Hansen&nbsp;– mehrere <a href="Patent" title="Patent">Patente</a> im Bereich der Intervallarithmetik beim <a href="United_States_Patent_and_Trademark_Office" title="United States Patent and Trademark Office">United States Patent and Trademark Office</a> angemeldet.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Die Gültigkeit dieser Ansprüche ist jedoch in der Intervallarithmetik-Forschungsgemeinde stark umstritten, da sie möglicherweise lediglich den bisherigen <a href="Stand_der_Technik" title="Stand der Technik">Stand der Technik</a> wiedergeben.
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Implementierungen">Implementierungen</h2></div>
<p>Es gibt viele Softwarepakete, welche die Entwicklung numerischer Anwendungen unter Nutzung der Intervallarithmetik erlauben.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Diese sind meist in Form von Programmbibliotheken umgesetzt.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Es gibt allerdings auch <a href="C%2B%2B" title="C++">C++</a>- und <a href="Fortran" title="Fortran">Fortran</a>-<a href="Compiler" title="Compiler">Übersetzer</a>, welche Intervall-<a href="Datentyp" title="Datentyp">Datentypen</a> und entsprechend geeignete Operationen als Spracherweiterung<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> besitzen, so dass Intervallarithmetik direkt unterstützt wird.
</p><p>Seit 1967 entwickelte man zunächst an der <a href="Universit%C3%A4t_Karlsruhe" class="mw-redirect" title="Universität Karlsruhe">Universität Karlsruhe</a> <i>XSC</i>-Erweiterungen für <a href="Wissenschaftliches_Rechnen" title="Wissenschaftliches Rechnen">wissenschaftliches Rechnen</a> („E<b>x</b>tensions for <b>S</b>cientific <b>C</b>omputation“) für verschiedene Programmiersprachen, darunter C++, Fortran und Pascal.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Plattform war zunächst ein <a href="Zuse_KG" title="Zuse KG">Zuse</a> Z 23, für den ein neuer Intervall-Datentyp mit entsprechenden elementaren Operatoren zur Verfügung gestellt wurde.
</p><p>1976 folgte mit <i>Pascal-SC</i> eine <a href="Pascal_(Programmiersprache)" title="Pascal (Programmiersprache)">Pascal</a>-Variante auf einem <a href="Zilog_Z80" title="Zilog Z80">Zilog Z80</a>, die es ermöglichte, schnell komplexe Routinen für automatisierte Ergebnisverifikation zu schaffen. Es folgte das Fortran&nbsp;77-basierte <i>ACRITH-XSC</i> für die <a href="System/370" title="System/370">System/370</a>-Architektur, das später auch von <a href="IBM" title="IBM">IBM</a> ausgeliefert wird. Ab 1991 kann man mit <i>Pascal-XSC</i> dann Code für <a href="C_(Programmiersprache)" title="C (Programmiersprache)">C</a>-Compiler erzeugen, und ein Jahr später unterstützt die C++-Klassenbibliothek <i>C-XSC</i> bereits viele verschiedene Computersysteme. 1997 werden alle <i>XSC</i>-Varianten unter die <a href="General_Public_License" class="mw-redirect" title="General Public License">General Public License</a> gestellt und stehen so <a href="Freie_Software" title="Freie Software">frei</a> zur Verfügung. Anfang der 2000er-Jahre wurde <i>C-XSC 2.0</i> unter Federführung der Arbeitsgruppe für wissenschaftliches Rechnen an der <a href="Bergische_Universit%C3%A4t_Wuppertal" title="Bergische Universität Wuppertal">Bergischen Universität Wuppertal</a> neugestaltet, um dem mittlerweile verabschiedeten C++-Standard besser entsprechen zu können.
</p><p>Eine weitere C++-Klassenbibliothek ist das 1993 an der <a href="TU_Hamburg-Harburg" class="mw-redirect" title="TU Hamburg-Harburg">TU Hamburg-Harburg</a> geschaffene <i>Profil/BIAS</i>&nbsp;(„Programmer’s Runtime Optimized Fast Interval Library, Basic Interval Arithmetic“), das die üblichen Intervalloperationen benutzerfreundlich zur Verfügung stellt. Dabei wurde besonderen Wert auf die effiziente Ausnutzung der Hardware, Portabilität und Unabhängigkeit von einer speziellen Intervalldarstellung gelegt.
</p><p>Die <a href="Boost_(C%2B%2B-Bibliothek)" title="Boost (C++-Bibliothek)">Boost</a>-Sammlung von C++-Bibliotheken enthält ebenfalls eine <a href="Template_(Programmierung)" class="mw-redirect" title="Template (Programmierung)">Template</a>-Klasse für Intervalle. Deren Autoren bemühen sich derzeit um eine Aufnahme der Intervallarithmetik in den C++-Sprachstandard.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p><p>Heute können außerdem die gängigen <a href="Computeralgebrasystem" title="Computeralgebrasystem">Computeralgebrasysteme</a>, wie <a href="Mathematica" title="Mathematica">Mathematica</a>, <a href="Maple_(Software)" title="Maple (Software)">Maple</a> und <a href="MuPAD" title="MuPAD">MuPAD</a>, mit Intervallen umgehen. Außerdem gibt es für <a href="Matlab" title="Matlab">Matlab</a> die Erweiterung <i>INTLAB</i>, die auf <a href="BLAS" class="mw-redirect" title="BLAS">BLAS</a>-Routinen aufbaut, sowie die Toolbox <i>b4m</i>, die ein <i>Profil/BIAS</i>-Interface zur Verfügung stellt.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="IEEE-Standard_1788–2015"><span id="IEEE-Standard_1788.E2.80.932015"></span>IEEE-Standard 1788–2015</h2></div>
<p>Ein <a href="IEEE" class="mw-redirect" title="IEEE">IEEE</a>-Standard für Intervallarithmetik wurde im Juni 2015 veröffentlicht.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Es gibt zwei freie Referenzimplementierungen,<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> die von Mitgliedern der Arbeitsgruppe<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> entwickelt worden sind: Die libieeep1788<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>-Bibliothek für C++ und das Intervall-Paket<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> für <a href="GNU_Octave" title="GNU Octave">GNU Octave</a>.
</p><p>Eine vereinfachte Variante des Standards wurde 2017 verabschiedet. Diese soll noch einfacher umzusetzen sein und für eine schnellere Verbreitung sorgen.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Konferenzen_und_Workshops">Konferenzen und Workshops</h2></div>
<p>Mehrere internationale Konferenzen und Workshops werden jährlich in der ganzen Welt abgehalten. Die wichtigste Konferenz ist SCAN (International Symposium on Scientific Computing, Computer Arithmetic, and Verified Numerical Computation). Daneben gibt es SWIM (Summer Workshop on Interval Methods), PPAM (International Conference on Parallel Processing and Applied Mathematics) und REC (International Workshop on Reliable Engineering Computing).
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Siehe_auch">Siehe auch</h2></div>
<ul><li><a href="Automatisches_Differenzieren" title="Automatisches Differenzieren">Automatisches Differenzieren</a></li>
<li><a href="Mehrgitterverfahren" title="Mehrgitterverfahren">Mehrgitterverfahren</a></li>
<li><a href="Monte-Carlo-Simulation" title="Monte-Carlo-Simulation">Monte-Carlo-Simulation</a></li>
<li><a href="Messunsicherheit" title="Messunsicherheit">Messunsicherheit</a></li>
<li>INTLAB</li></ul>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Referenzen">Referenzen</h2></div>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Literatur">Literatur</h3></div>
<ul><li>Götz Alefeld, Jürgen Herzberger: <i>Einführung in die Intervallrechnung</i>. (= Informatik, Band 12). Bibliographisches Institut, B.I.-Wissenschaftsverlag, Mannheim / Wien / Zürich 1974, ISBN 3-411-01466-0.</li>
<li>H. Bauch, K.-U. Jahn, D. Oelschlägel, H. Süße, V. Wiebigke: <i>Intervallmathematik.</i> BSB Teubner, Leipzig 1987, ISBN 3-322-00384-1.</li>
<li>Alexander Dreyer: <i>Interval Analysis of Analog Circuits with Component Tolerances</i>. Doktorarbeit. <a href="Shaker_Verlag" title="Shaker Verlag">Shaker Verlag</a>, Aachen 2003, ISBN 3-8322-4555-3.</li>
<li>Eldon R. Hansen (Ed.): <i>Topics in Interval Analysis. Symposium on Interval Analysis, Culham, England, 1968.</i> Clarendon Press, Oxford (1969), ISBN 0-1985-3333-0.</li>
<li>Eldon Hansen, G. William Walster: <i>Global Optimization using Interval Analysis.</i> 2. überarb. Auflage. Marcel Dekker, New York 2004, ISBN 0-8247-4059-9.</li>
<li>Hanss, Michael: <i>Applied Fuzzy Arithmetic.</i> 2. Auflage. Springer-Verlag, Berlin Heidelberg, 2010, ISBN 978-3-540-27317-2.</li>
<li>L. Jaulin, M. Kieffer, O. Didrit, É. Walter: <i>Applied Interval Analysis: With examples in parameter estimation robust control and robotics</i>. Springer, London 2001, ISBN 1-85233-219-0.</li>
<li>Fritz Krückeberg: <i>Intervallanalytische Methoden in der numerischen Datenverarbeitung.</i> In: Der Minister für Wissenschaft und Forschung des Landes Nordrhein-Westfalen, Landesamt für Forschung, Jahrbuch 1970, Westdeutscher Verlag Opladen (1971).</li>
<li>Ulrich Kulisch: <i>Wissenschaftliches Rechnen mit Ergebnisverifikation. Eine Einführung.</i> Vieweg-Verlag, Wiesbaden 1989, ISBN 3-528-08943-1.</li>
<li>R. E. Moore: <i>Interval Analysis</i>. Prentice-Hall, Englewood Cliff, NJ 1966, ISBN 0-13-476853-1.</li>
<li>Karl Nickel (Ed.): <i>Interval Mathematics: Proceedings of the International Symposium, Karlsruhe, West Germany, May 20-24, 1975.</i> Lecture Notes in Computer Science 29, Springer 1975, ISBN 3-540-07170-9</li>
<li>Karl Nickel (Ed.): <i>Interval Mathematics 1980,</i> Academic Press, New York, London, Toronto 1980.</li>
<li>Karl Nickel (Ed.): <i>Interval Mathematics 1985: Proceedings of the International Symposium, Freiburg i. Br., Federal Republic of Germany, September 23-26, 1985.</i> Lecture Notes in Computer Science 212, Springer 1986, ISBN 3-540-16437-5</li></ul>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Weblinks">Weblinks</h3></div>
<ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cs.utep.edu/interval-comp/hayes.pdf">Brian Hayes, 'A Lucid Interval', gute Einführung (pdf)</a> (83 kB)</li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www-sop.inria.fr/coprin/logiciels/ALIAS/Movie/movie_undergraduate.mpg">Einführender Film (mpeg)</a> (<a href="Moving_Picture_Experts_Group" title="Moving Picture Experts Group">MPG</a>; 54,4&nbsp;MB) des <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www-sop.inria.fr/coprin/index_english.html">COPRIN</a> Teams des <a href="INRIA" class="mw-redirect" title="INRIA">INRIA</a>, <a href="Sophia_Antipolis" title="Sophia Antipolis">Sophia Antipolis</a></li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://interval.louisiana.edu/kearfott.html">Bibliographie von R. Baker Kearfott</a>, University of Louisiana, <a href="Lafayette_(Louisiana)" title="Lafayette (Louisiana)">Lafayette</a></li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mat.univie.ac.at/~neum/interval.html">Bibliographie von Arnold Neumaier</a>, <a href="Universit%C3%A4t_Wien" title="Universität Wien">Universität Wien</a></li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.spektrum.de/lexikon/mathematik/intervallrechnung/4950">Intervallrechnung im Lexikon der Mathematik auf Spektrum.de</a></li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://github.com/mskashi/kv">kv</a> auf <a href="GitHub" title="GitHub">GitHub</a></li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://github.com/fredrik-johansson/arb">arb</a> auf <a href="GitHub" title="GitHub">GitHub</a></li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://github.com/JuliaIntervals">JuliaIntervals</a> auf <a href="GitHub" title="GitHub">GitHub</a></li></ul>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Quellen">Quellen</h3></div>
<ol class="references">
<li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-1">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r261891140">
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</style><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070907162015/http://www.cs.cas.cz/~rohn/publist/000home.htm">Veröffentlichungen von Jiří Rohn</a> (<span class="webarchiv-memento"><a href="Webarchivierung#Begrifflichkeiten" title="Webarchivierung">Memento</a></span> vom 7. September 2007 im <i><a href="Internet_Archive" title="Internet Archive">Internet Archive</a></i>)</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-2">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Hanss, Michael: <i>Applied Fuzzy Arithmetic.</i> 2. Auflage. Springer-Verlag, Berlin Heidelberg, 2010, ISBN 978-3-540-27317-2, Kapitel 3.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-3">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://interval.louisiana.edu/Moores_early_papers/bibliography.html">Abhandlung über frühe Artikel von R. E. Moore</a></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-4">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080418041803/http://www.ippt.gov.pl/~zkulpa/quaphys/warmus.html">Frühe Arbeiten von M. Warmus</a> (<span class="webarchiv-memento"><a href="Webarchivierung#Begrifflichkeiten" title="Webarchivierung">Memento</a></span> vom 18. April 2008 im <i><a href="Internet_Archive" title="Internet Archive">Internet Archive</a></i>)</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-5">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www-home.htwg-konstanz.de/~garloff/obituary.pdf">Nickel obituary</a></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-6">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Doktoranden <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://genealogy.math.ndsu.nodak.edu/id.php?id=21264">Nickel</a>; <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://genealogy.math.ndsu.nodak.edu/id.php?id=21670">Kulisch</a>; <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://genealogy.math.ndsu.nodak.edu/id.php?id=21261">Krückeberg</a></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-7">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Mathematisches Forschungsinstitut Oberwolfach, Tagungsberichte Intervallrechnung <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://oda.mfo.de/bsz325101019.html">1968</a>; <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://oda.mfo.de/bsz325101361.html">1969</a>; <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://oda.mfo.de/bsz325102619.html">1972</a>; <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://oda.mfo.de/bsz325103216.html">1973</a>; <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://oda.mfo.de/bsz325105057.html">1976</a></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-8">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="cite">Patent <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://worldwide.espacenet.com/publicationDetails/biblio?locale=de_EP&amp;CC=US&amp;NR=6842764B2&amp;FT=D&amp;KC=B2">US6842764B2</a>: <i>Minimum and maximum operations to facilitate interval multiplication and/or interval division.</i> Angemeldet am <span style="white-space:nowrap;">26.&nbsp;März 2001</span>, veröffentlicht am <span style="white-space:nowrap;">11.&nbsp;Januar 2005</span>, Anmelder: Sun Microsystems Inc, Erfinder: William G. Walster.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Apatent&amp;rft_id=US6842764B2&amp;rft.applcc=US&amp;rft.title=Minimum+and+maximum+operations+to+facilitate+interval+multiplication+and%2For+interval+division&amp;rft.inventor=William+G.+Walster&amp;rft.assignee=Sun+Microsystems+Inc&amp;rft.appldate=2001-03-26&amp;rft.pubdate=2005-01-11">‌</span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-9">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="cite"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140331214423/https://www.mat.univie.ac.at/~coconut/coconut-environment/"><i>COCONUT Environment An open source solver platform for global optimization problems.</i></a> Archiviert vom <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r250917974">
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</style><span class="dewiki-iconexternal"><a class="external text" href="https://redirecter.toolforge.org/?url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mat.univie.ac.at%2Fcoconut-environment%2F%23patents">Original</a></span> am <span style="white-space:nowrap;">31.&nbsp;März 2014</span><span>;</span><span class="Abrufdatum"> abgerufen am 15.&nbsp;Januar 2023</span>.</span><span style="display: none;" class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adc&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fde.wikipedia.org%3AIntervallarithmetik&amp;rft.title=COCONUT+Environment+An+open+source+solver+platform+for+global+optimization+problems&amp;rft.description=COCONUT+Environment+An+open+source+solver+platform+for+global+optimization+problems&amp;rft.identifier=https%3A%2F%2Fweb.archive.org%2Fweb%2F20140331214423%2Fhttps%3A%2F%2Fwww.mat.univie.ac.at%2F%7Ecoconut%2Fcoconut-environment%2F&amp;rft.source=http://www.mat.univie.ac.at/coconut-environment/#patents">&nbsp;</span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-10">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060302095039/http://www.cs.utep.edu/interval-comp/main.html">Software für Intervallrechnungen, zusammengestellt von Vladik Kreinovich</a> (<span class="webarchiv-memento"><a href="Webarchivierung#Begrifflichkeiten" title="Webarchivierung">Memento</a></span> vom 2. März 2006 im <i><a href="Internet_Archive" title="Internet Archive">Internet Archive</a></i>), <a href="University_of_Texas" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Texas">University of Texas</a>, <a href="El_Paso_(Texas)" title="El Paso (Texas)">El Paso</a></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-11">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20050330045750/http://docs.sun.com/source/816-2465/iapgCusing.html">Beispiel einer Intervallarithmetik-Klasse in C++</a> (<span class="webarchiv-memento"><a href="Webarchivierung#Begrifflichkeiten" title="Webarchivierung">Memento</a></span> vom 30. März 2005 im <i><a href="Internet_Archive" title="Internet Archive">Internet Archive</a></i>) von <a href="Sun_Microsystems" title="Sun Microsystems">Sun Microsystems</a></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-12">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://developers.sun.com/prodtech/cc/numerics_index.html">C++- und Fortran-Compiler mit Intervallunterstützung</a> von <a href="Sun_Microsystems" title="Sun Microsystems">Sun Microsystems</a></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-13">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070929131317/http://www.math.uni-wuppertal.de/org/WRST/xsc/history.html">Geschichte der <i>XSC</i>-Erweiterungen</a> (<span class="webarchiv-memento"><a href="Webarchivierung#Begrifflichkeiten" title="Webarchivierung">Memento</a></span> vom 29. September 2007 im <i><a href="Internet_Archive" title="Internet Archive">Internet Archive</a></i>)</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-14">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www-sop.inria.fr/geometrica/team/Sylvain.Pion/cxx/">Vorschlag für eine Erweiterung der C++-Standards um Intervalle</a></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-15">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ti3.tu-harburg.de/~rump/intlab/">INTerval LABoratory</a> und <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080501105829/http://www.ti3.tu-harburg.de/zemke/b4m/">b4m</a> (<span class="webarchiv-memento"><a href="Webarchivierung#Begrifflichkeiten" title="Webarchivierung">Memento</a></span> vom 1. Mai 2008 im <i><a href="Internet_Archive" title="Internet Archive">Internet Archive</a></i>)</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-16">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://standards.ieee.org/findstds/standard/1788-2015.html">IEEE Standard for Interval Arithmetic</a></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-17">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Revol, Nathalie (2015). The (near-)future IEEE 1788 standard for interval arithmetic. 8th small workshop on interval methods. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kam.mff.cuni.cz/conferences/swim2015/slides/revol.pdf">Foliensatz (PDF, englisch)</a></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-18">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://grouper.ieee.org/groups/1788/">IEEE Interval Standard Working Group - P1788</a></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-19">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://github.com/nehmeier/libieeep1788">C++ implementation of the preliminary IEEE P1788 standard for interval arithmetic</a></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-20">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://octave.sourceforge.net/interval/">GNU Octave interval package</a></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-21">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="cite"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220207221608/https://standards.ieee.org/ieee/1788.1/6074/"><i>IEEE 1788.1-2017: IEEE Standard for Interval Arithmetic (Simplified).</i></a> IEEE, archiviert vom <span class="dewiki-iconexternal"><a class="external text" href="https://redirecter.toolforge.org/?url=https%3A%2F%2Fstandards.ieee.org%2Fieee%2F1788.1%2F6074%2F">Original</a></span> (nicht mehr online verfügbar) am <span style="white-space:nowrap;">7.&nbsp;Februar 2022</span><span>;</span><span class="Abrufdatum"> abgerufen am 1.&nbsp;Mai 2023</span>.</span> <small class="archiv-bot"><span class="wp_boppel noviewer" aria-hidden="true" role="presentation"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="i"></span></span></span>&nbsp;<b>Info:</b> Der Archivlink wurde automatisch eingesetzt und noch nicht geprüft. Bitte prüfe Original- und Archivlink gemäß Anleitung und entferne dann diesen Hinweis.</small><span style="display:none"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://IABotmemento.invalid/https://standards.ieee.org/ieee/1788.1/6074/">@1</a></span><span style="display:none"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://standards.ieee.org/ieee/1788.1/6074/">@2</a></span><span style="display:none">Vorlage:Webachiv/IABot/standards.ieee.org</span><span style="display: none;" class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adc&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fde.wikipedia.org%3AIntervallarithmetik&amp;rft.title=IEEE+1788.1-2017%3A+IEEE+Standard+for+Interval+Arithmetic+%28Simplified%29&amp;rft.description=IEEE+1788.1-2017%3A+IEEE+Standard+for+Interval+Arithmetic+%28Simplified%29&amp;rft.identifier=https%3A%2F%2Fweb.archive.org%2Fweb%2F20220207221608%2Fhttps%3A%2F%2Fstandards.ieee.org%2Fieee%2F1788.1%2F6074%2F&amp;rft.publisher=IEEE&amp;rft.source=https://standards.ieee.org/ieee/1788.1/6074/">&nbsp;</span></span>
</li>
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